John Donne Essay

The literary heritages of John Donne are famous for their style that distinguishes them from poems of his age, particularly his attachment to sensuality and reality. He is in fact considered to be a ‘metaphysical poet’, and recognized to be ahead of his contemporaries. One of his most notable collections are the Holy Sonnets, which is a reflection of his a primarily religious life. (Stubbs, 2006) The innovative use of language and metaphors are what distinguishes the works of John Donne; he has produced a wide collection of poems, satires, sonnets, translations, and other literary works. The life and struggles of John Donne reflects the rich and meaningful body of literature that he has produced. He was born to a rich family, yet poverty was common for him, as he went to a period of persecution during his process of transfer of devotion to the Anglican Church. He eventually became an Anglican priest, which is said to have considerably influence the writings in the latter years of his life, when he wrote poems and sermons. (Bald, 1970) He became known for a style, which would be known as metaphysical, and often, his work is dubbed as metaphysical conceit, as he cleverly unifies two vastly dissimilar ideas. The most common subjects of his literature are death, love and religion; he employs the use of irony, witty-ness, and cynicism. (Stubbs, 2006) This metaphysical form of literature would refer to the passion for life and pleasures, yet much regard for the emotional dimension. John Donne marked the evolution to a more personal poetry from the classical forms before his time. The early poetry of Donne is mainly criticisms of the problems of the English society during that time, as Britain was plagued by corruption and pretensions of its citizenry and nobility. He used colorful imagery to create satires of this reality of his time, but eventually, he moved on to the topic of religion, which shows that Donne lived a religious life, as he converts from Catholicism to being a devoted Anglican. Donne also produced substantial amount of love poetry, which is said to be addressed to his wife, who died after giving birth to their twelfth child. The poems written at the later stage of the life of John Donne has a more pious and somber tone to them. His poems began to take on a gloomy tone, as he writes about more serious things; for instance, his poem in memory of Elizabeth Drury, symbolizes destruction and the fall of man. (Greenblatt, 2006) Increasingly, he moved towards more religious topics, which exhibited this gloomy nature. The motivation for this shift to religious poems and sermons is his conversion to the Anglican Church, which marked a step to maturity and change in his writing style. These sermons and poems would later on influence English poets and future literature. Towards the conclusion of his fruitful and dynamic life, the focus of Donne’s work shifted to death, as he nears his own death. His works explores this topic, and how humans fear this inevitable occurrence, and the eventual accent to heaven following one’s death. He delivered the sermon Death’s Duel from his deathbed, which shows suffering and pain, yet also salvation and hope. (Bald, 1970) He died in 1631. The literature of John Donne is impressive indeed, and each piece of literature reflects his life and the society that is revolving around him. His work is wide-ranging, from love to death to religion; each shows passion, emotion, and reality. The metaphysical nature of his poems influences the future of English literature, as he cleverly used metaphors, imagery, and language. References Bald, RC. (1970). John Donne: A Life. United States: Oxford University Press. Donne, John. (2006). John Donne’s Poetry. Donald Dickson, Ed. United States: W. W. Norton and Company. Greenblatt, Stephen. (2006). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. United Kingdom: W. W. Norton and Company. Stubbs, John. (2006). Donne: The Reformed Soul. United States: Viking Books. Targoff, Ramie. (2008). John Donne, Body and Soul. United States: University of Chicago Press.

How the American Legal System and Business is impacted

1. Introduction This paper seeks to examine the economical effect, if any, upon what the legal system requires of business in America, from a sole proprietor, to a corporation. The paper will also have to look at the costs imposed on operating a business for obtaining a business license, advertising, filing fees paid to the State, and all such costs and within a State, City, and County. 2. Analysis and Discussion The conduct of any business in any part of the world is regulated by the government and therefore business activities are governed by laws locally and on the state level. As to why the government impost cost to conducting business is based on basically two state powers, which are the police power (Lee, 1973) and the power of taxation.   In regulating the business entities and the latter are activities, the government has the best of intentions of promoting public welfare. Hence, under the local level of government, there can be imposed local permits fees and license fees that must be paid by business operators whenever these entities are sole proprietorship, partnership or corporations are to start in operating their business.     Ã‚  Since these fees are being imposes to recover the cost of government in allowing the conduct of business, such power of the state from local to national is being imposed by the exercise of police power of the state by the local level government. Being therefore cost of regulation, the amount of cost is rather fixed and rates may be more or less the same for the group of similar type of business industry. Still pursuant to the police power of the state, the government enforces the laws of business and administers justice where business entities complain of violations of commercial laws. To illustrate the point, business entities enter into contracts and in certain cases it could happen there could refusal to comply with the obligations created out of contracts.   The parties cannot put the law into their hands, thus there must be a court systems that must settle the issues between the parties.   One may therefore clearly see the relevance of the legal system which is part of doing business.   Since legal system entails services rendered by government, it should not be a surprise when government courts require the payment of filing fees as cost of pursuing justice on the part of business entities. But since government does not only interfere from the local level but also at state level, another form of charges are imposed under the state’s power of taxation.   Since the power of taxation (Goode, 1951) involves the revenue generating power of the government, the government may impose several forms of taxes such as income taxes and value added tax. Income tax (Goode; 1976; Smith, et. al, 1958) is a tax based on the financial earning capacity of the business entities, which may include sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Under this kind of taxation, the state is charging taxes on the basis of an assumed obligation of the taxpayer-entities to the state in return for the service given by the state to the business entities in the form of security and protection and other services by reason for its being a government that needs funds to defray its expenses. Another form of taxation which may also be imposed by the local levels of government if provided in their city charters, are the business taxation. This may take the form of sales tax or the more familiar business taxes. As distinguish from income taxation, business taxation, charges the taxpayer for having been given the privilege of operating a business. Such kind of taxes is normally based on the amount of gross receipts, or sales revenues as basis for output tax but subject to certain deductions for claims like input taxes to reduce the taxes payable to the government. Surely the effect of these charges economically could just be huge that could affect the operation of doing business. Since business entities operate under the idea of being profitable to be able to recover cost expended in business, the amount of taxes, charges and licenses should not be too prohibitive as to discourage business from doing business. This might be apparent for business taxes in the form of excise tax (Fossen, 2002) on cigarettes and wines or the so called ‘sin taxes’. This kind of taxes are also in the nature of excise taxes and therefore part of the business taxes like the sales tax or value added tax. It may be observed that the higher amount of taxes imposed on certain taxes like ‘sin taxes’ manifests the intention of the government to control the consumption of said good because these products may not be essentially be good to people because of health effects. To illustrate the point, the government prohibiting smoking in public place may have already prohibited TV advertising of the industry’ products because of the effect of the industry on public health only that the government cannot completely ban the sale of these products. Hence, being tied with its hands to limit production without violating the laws of commerce, the government resort to higher taxes to discourage consumption. 3. Conclusion It may be concluded that there are indeed effects of the legal system on how the business entities operates in a certain place.   To such the extent of these economic effects must be viewed in the context of the objective of governments in terms of its paramount purpose of encouraging entrepreneurship while ensuring compliance with laws that are conducive to protecting the life, health, employment and other need of its people. Since business entities could not be avoiding this government interference on business operations, they may just as well comply since these laws are also meant to protect them. Without regulation there could be chaos in society as privileges to operate business could be subject to abuse. Imposing charges to regulate is therefore justified in the exercise of the police power of the state. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that governments also need to defray its expenses and the means to the attain the same is to impose several kind of taxes from business entities and individuals.   When viewed on a wider concept, business entities also need the government in terms of regulation and protection of its interest. Without the government administering the laws on commerce, business entities would be in dangerous situation since they would be operating as if they are playing basket ball without a referee who will tell them who is wrong and who is right in case one of the teams abuses its rights. If therefore the are no government to charge regulation cost and taxes, the law will just be useless because there would be no agent to implement the same. Hence, business entities are to accept the reality of these charges and taxes and factor them in computing profits. References: Fossen   (2002) Norfolk Island and Its Tax Haven; The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002 Goode (1951) The Corporation Income Tax; Wiley Goode (1976) The Individual Income Tax; Brookings Institution Lee   (1973) A History of Regulatory Taxation; University Press of Kentucky, 1973 Smith, et. al (1958) Income Tax Differentials; Tax Institute of America

Airplan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Airplan - Research Paper Example fer packages such as the ATA Flier Program and the ATA Travel Awards which were low cost programs which afforded travelers the chance to earn travel points which they could use to get discounts. The airline was also a big employer which had more than 2,230 people by the time of its demise (Maxon, 2008). The company has had many financial troubles since its inception. The worst came in 2006 when it filed for bankruptcy and in 2008 when it failed to emerge from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection (Lawton, 2007). There are many causes of the failure of ATA Airlines. These causes had a huge impact on the operations of ATA which led to its final demise. Below is an analysis of the causes and results of the company’s failure. There is also an overview of the possible solutions that could have saved the company from going under. The company was going through some financial difficulties when it closed down its operations. It could not finance its takeovers and neither could it sustain its existing operations. The financial crisis that hit the world did not spare ATA Airlines. The global financial crisis did a lot to make matters worse for the company. It was forced to file for bankruptcy twice: in 2006 and in 2008 (Maxon, 2008). The second time that the airline filed for bankruptcy was also the last time it was operational. Mismanagement might have led to the failure of ATA Airlines. Lack of leadership might have contributed to the fate that ATA Airlines fell to. Poor leadership may have led to the poor decisions that the Airline made. These decisions included takeovers and increasing operations even when it was clear that the company was not in a financial situation safe enough to carry out those operations (Lawton, 2007). It seems that ATA operated without having a solid operational strategy. The company sought to expand many of its flight services with little regard to the financial implications that this could have on its business (ATA Airlines). This lack of

4 page paper on James Joyce's Ulysses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4 page paper on James Joyce's Ulysses - Essay Example rs at a particular time of day while others seem to be showcasing Joyce’s repertoire of voices – some journalistic, some featuring high drama, some in the modern stream of consciousness and some even in the form of questionnaires. It’s roughly divided into three segments. The first segment is about Stephen Dedalus, which reveals his perspective on life. The second and longest section is about Bloom, following him as he moves through his day. The third section is all about tying the three main characters together. It can be argued that there is a fourth section in the final chapter which focuses on Molly. The protagonist of the story is considered to be Leopold Bloom. He works as an advertising canvasser and he’s 38 years old. He’s married to a woman named Molly who he knows is cheating on him and he spends his day socializing in a detached sort of way. Although he really likes to think and talk about science and the new inventions that are being thought up, his biggest concern in life is the separation he feels between himself and Molly. He’s generally a good guy and has the unusual ability to see things from another person’s perspective. The main antagonist of the book seems to be a personified Death. Bloom is struggling against the idea of death in the immediate present with the funeral of Paddy Dignam, in the recent past when his father commited suicide and in the more distant past when his infant son died, placing a gap between himself and his wife that now has her sleeping around with other men. Bloom is realizing that his family line will die out with him and is feeling himself very mortal. While there are many other minor antagonists in the story, Death seems to be the major cause of Bloom’s disquiet and the reason for his suffering. The story takes place throughout the day on June 16, 1904. Like the chapters themselves, the setting jumps around a lot, starting in the morning with Stephen Dedalus as he moves from his apartment

Jhon Locke second treatise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jhon Locke second treatise - Essay Example While Locke presents a number of viable suggestions in regards to property ownership it is nevertheless to conduct a critical evaluation of the validity Locke’s postulations pertaining to property ownership and an assessment of the applicability of his arguments in modern property ownership. In Locke’s argument pertaining to property he argues that a person’s body happens to be his own property and any work that it undertakes is thus seen to essentially be owned by it. Locke postulates that by mixing labor with the various available resources availed by nature essentially causes results in the removal of these natural resources from common ownership and makes these resources our very own. He points out that this is the premise that is granted for property ownership as provided for in the bible and is in line with Adam’s means of obtaining dominion over the entire earth and its creatures (Locke Sec. 36). Locke’s use of the bible is seen to be an atte mpt to try and essentially justify his position on the general formula that was used in the acquisition of land. In my opinion this supposition as provided by Locke essentially makes sense as it is primarily through our own individual labor activity that we can be able to cause the various natural resources to obtain their innate true value. However in my opinion, I think that Locke did not take into careful consideration aspects such as communal labor that see individuals undertake a number of labor activities not for their own individual gain, but primarily for the benefit of the entire community. Locke also seem to overlook the fact that it is nowadays quite common for individuals to desire to own land not for their own mere self-gratification but primarily for ecological stewardship purposes where their attempts are mainly geared at the general conservation of nature. To some extent, Locke’s position can arguable seen to not be justifiable as although the original premise of land acquisition in which the entire world was according to Locke America and there was a lot of land which was seemingly unowned, and hence the acquisition of land by an individual did not in any way tend to infringe on another individual’s capacity to acquire land as there was no evident scarcity of land to own (Locke Sec. 36), this supposition can be seen to not hold true in the modern day world as the rapid population increase that has been experienced around the world has caused there to be numerous persons across the world who despite their engagement in labor activities, still cannot be able to own any land or own any housing property. This is despite there being some individuals happen to own thousands of acres of land or various properties that remain vacant for very long stretches of time without having any human habitation. It is primarily in respect to this that I strongly support the argument that the current unequal possession of the earth has essentially be en imposed by most men by those that happen to be stronger than them. My current perception is that if all men were to be granted equal opportunity and resources, all men would desire to and eventually own land. Locke points out that money has been of great aid in the promotion of the unequal and disproportionate possession of the

Choose an ad from a magazine, television, or radio for brief analysis, Essay - 2

Choose an ad from a magazine, television, or radio for brief analysis, or critique - Essay Example Moreover, an advertisement has to capture a customer’s attention and lure him or her into indulging the use of the good or service. An example of an advertisement on television is the Old Spice Advertisement; ‘The Man Your Man Could Smell Like’. Old Spice, being a major company known for men’s hygienic products has sort a line of men’s body wash that convey an appealing and humorous advertising campaign. The advertisement implies that by using Old Spice products, a man will become the ultimate man or in other words more similar to the Old Spice man. Arguably, the advertisement aims to capture men and draw them near to needs of women, giving them an ideal image of how a man should be and smell and thus building up a sexual theme that draws attention (Nutt, 1). The advertisement entails a series of different sports-stars and actors that portray how fit, and good they look to highlight their body wash. One of the actors by the name Mustafa comes out of a shower clad only in a towel and talks directly to women viewers, telling them alternatively look at him than the man sited next to them for the implied comparison in which no man could come out very well. In the advertisement, Mustafa goes ahead and says that the man sitting beside them is unfortunately not him. The advertisement further displays scenes of Mustafa in romantic fantasy-like settings meant to appeal women. Although the advertisement endeavors to appeal women and make them think that their men are the most interesting in the world, it will not make him build a kitchen or make a cake for the woman but just only sniff him and imagine he would. In addition, the advertisement goes after men emotionally by making them feel that he is not the kind man his woman expects. This ultimately undermines the self-esteem of the man. Despite the fallacies in the advertisement, it promotes an ideal of how a real man should be by making him react

Final report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final report - Essay Example Flinn Park has all the four categories of ecological goods and services as shown in the table below Being just thirty-six meters from the sea, Flinn Park has plenty of water. The water at Flinn Park has many uses. During the dry season, the Flinn Park caretakers use water to irrigate the park and keep it. The water at Flinn Park provides visitors with an excellent opportunity to swim in nature. I argue that it is more adventurous to swim in a park than in a confined swimming pool. In addition, both the locals and visitors at Flinn Park enjoy the beauty of the large water landmass of the sea nearby the park. Locals and visitors also enjoy drinking the natural water that is free from chemical contamination at the park. The nearby large water mass of the sea provides a cool breeze during the day. The breeze from the sea is warm at night, and it reduces the effects of the warm temperatures at night. Therefore, Flinn Park is a safe destination for tourists. Tourism boosts the local economy. Local industries around Flinn Park also use the water for industrial production. The large water mass of the sea close to Flinn Park creates a microclimate around the park. Because of the local climate created by the sea, local people at Flinn Park experience frequent showers that keep the vegetation at Flinn Park green throughout the year. Visitors also enjoy sporting events like boat riding with the water at Flinn Park. The water also provides the best sceneries for photo taking. Given the fact that Flinn Park is just thirty-six meters from the sea, it is not surprising that both locals and visitors enjoy the delicacy of seafood. Seafood has plenty of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. In addition, seafood has very low quantities of sodium and cholesterol. Seafood also boasts of low calories and an addition to many meals. Many experts in postnatal care recommend seafood as a

No Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

No Topic - Essay Example Agencies belonging to the government like the departments of public health and some universities in conjunction with private agencies like private health clinics and hospitals and even NGOs who support this cancer elimination and reduction objective by healthy people join the healthy people movement and start supporting through raising awareness about the objective and what it aims to achieve in their own areas of work. Some of these agencies also donate money and other items to help achieve the objective and especially screening kits. Cancer monitoring and incidence management is carried out by the larger organizations like the universities and they also carry out research about the various types of cancer and the at risk individuals. With all these support from these partner agencies, the healthy people objective of reducing the number of new cases of cancer is being achieved. Various prevention strategies have been put in place and they are carried out by the partners. The first is further research on emerging trends of the various cancers and this is mostly carried out by Universities and NGOs due to their facilities, knowledge and enough funds. The other strategy is to prevent illnesses and disabilities and this is done through awareness which is carried out by the departments of health in the various states and other private agencies in their own small or large capacities. Finally, screening test are done especially to the at risk patients like family members and this is carried out by most of the health clinics, university hospitals and other non-governmental facilities. There is a lot of overlap of the above mentioned responsibilities (for example most universities and NGOs carry out similar work) but this only adds to attending to as many preventive strategies and requirements as possible and within the shortest possible time. There is also coordination from the healthy people and they ensure that every organization is glued to their work

Marketing plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing plan - Research Paper Example The UK has one of the most stable political environments. The political leaders have ensured that politics does not affect the performance of the business in the market as this aspect would lead to loss of job opportunities for the locals. This can be ascertained by the latest election which was concluded days ago. Despite heightened political activities in the country, business operations were running normally (Paley, 2007). In addition, political steered clear of any issues that might destabilize the business environment. As a result, the country provides a serene environment for Americana. The UK population has an adventurous culture. Therefore, they like to taste other people’s culture. In addition, they appreciate other people ways of doing things and diet. However, they like to be associated with products and services that are produced locally. This aspect will be significant because Halal will meet the interests of the target market. In addition, this will create an opportunity for the local population to taste Muslim delicacies. This will attract more non-Muslim customers towards the product, some of which will end up becoming loyal to the products (Malhotra & Sciglimpaglia, 2009). UK has a stable economy. Although the country was affected by the financial crisis in 2008, it has been able to recover slowly. Initially, people were more reserved with their spending. However, this has changed over the years. People are now spending on their food of choice. The pound remains strong and stable. In addition, the interest rates in the country remain low in comparison with the neighboring countries. Therefore, in case the business will decide to expand its operations in other European countries using UK as its main base, it will be able to enjoy favorable exchange rates (Shankar & Carpenter 2012). This will be significant in enabling the business to penetrate and segment other markets. The largest market

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Report - Essay Example With this concern, the report intends to examine the measures that can be used for reviewing the performance of Tesco. In this regard, various performance measures relating to finance along with resource, customer satisfaction indicators and innovation along with market development will be discussed. Gross along with net profit margin and market share acts as effective financial along with resource based performance measures, through which the overall performance of the companies such as Tesco can be determined. Theoretically, the net profit margin depicts the ability of the management to control and meet the needs of indirect costs. It also reveals the suitability of businesses to perform effectively in future. In this regard, the net profit margin should be higher in order to depict a better future profitability and performance index (Needham & Dransfield, 2000). For instance, the financial performance of Tesco can be determined or measured with the assistance of certain financial statements that prepare by the company on an annual basis. It has been apparently noted that the company prepares different financial statements in order to measure the performance of the Group in a suitable manner (Tesco PLC, 2013). In this regard, it can be apparently observed that the net margin o f the company decreased substantially in the year 2013 as compared to the year 2012. This can be justified with the help of the following table. As per the above table, it can be clearly understood that the gross margin of Tesco declined in the year 2012 as compared to the year 2013 due to excessive costs incurred by the company while selling it various products or services to the worldwide customers. It is worth mentioning that the financial as well as the resource performance of the company can also be evaluated based on market share. It is obvious that a company

The Key Aspects Of Current Legislative Requirements Essay Example for Free

The Key Aspects Of Current Legislative Requirements Essay I am new to the teaching environment so I have had to learn the different aspects of the current legislative requirements. I follow a lot of different requirements, such as the disability discrimination, sex discrimination and race relations acts. These things are covered by ensuring the course is available to all and that different resources are available or adaptable to suit learners differing needs. The key Aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of practice relevant to the fitted interiors subject are; †¢Health and safety Protecting yourself and others against risks to health and safety in any work that is required, is top priority in any type of workplace. I provide all my students with the PPE needed for the job we are undertaking, like goggles, earplugs etc. Boots, overalls hi-viz are worn at all times in the workshop. †¢ Criminal Records Bureau Check A Criminal Records Bureau check enables an organization in the public, private and voluntary sectors to make safe recruitment decisions by identifying candidates who may be unsuitable for certain work, especially that involve children or vulnerable adults. Beyond tutors are required to have a CRB to ensure a satisfactory back ground to work with the students. †¢ Equal opportunities To protect the rights of students, regardless of age, race, gender, disability or sexual orientation, ensuring the course is available to all. †¢ Data protection Data Protection applies to anyone who handles or has access to sensitive information about individuals. The sensitive records we keep are kept in a locked filing cabinet.

Introduction Of Information And Communication Technologies Commerce Essay

Introduction Of Information And Communication Technologies Commerce Essay In this era of modernisation, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a vital role in businesses and firms of all sizes. The term ICT has progressed and evolved to include many aspects of computing and technology, and has indeed become very distinguishable. In this essay, the ways in which the introduction of ICT affects power relations in the workplace will be discussed. First, a definition of the phrases ICT and power relations in the workplace will be provided. In what follows, I will establish the particular effects that ICT directly brings to the workplace namely surveillance, a change to organization structure, increased communication as well as how it skills and deskills workers. Explanation on how these effects subsequently affect power relations in the workplace will then be provided. The Information Technology Association of America defines ICT as the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ICT involves converting, protecting, transferring, keeping and receiving information. This is all done with the aid of computers and software. On the other hand, power refers to the ability to translate influence or make a difference. The actions of one person affect that of another. According to Foucault (1988), within the field of power relations, what one person does affects a second, which affects a third, and so on. The characteristic of power relations is that, as agents in the structure, some men can more or less determine other mens conduct, but never exhaustively (David Owen, 1994). Power relations precipitate all the strategies, the networks, the mechanisms, all those techniques by which a decision is accepted and by which that decision could not but be taken in the way it was. Foucault goes on to say that Power relations are multiple; they have different forms, they can be in play in family relations, or within an institution, or an administration or between a dominating and a dominated class. In this essay, it can be summarized that power relations in the workplace means the ability to affect how other people w ithin the workplace do work. Surveillance The introduction of Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism saw an era where managers strived for control over workers. The introduction of ICT to the workplace has allowed managers to practice methods of worker surveillance that have never been seen before. ICT has given managers the ability to pry on their staff by doing things like keystroke counting, listening in on phone conversations (to monitor quality of service provided by staff), telephone call accounting (registering information about the time, duration, destination and cost of phone calls), entry and exit controls using smart cards (which give information on staff whereabouts), electronic cash registers and product scanning systems (provides details on who handles what merchandise, volume handled and how efficiently), the reading of electronic mail and the use of video cameras for video surveillance (After ILO, 1993, pp. 12 13). In the past, managers were only able to monitor the performance of whole departments by monitoring things like quantity and quality of products produced. However, new information technologies have enabled employers to gather highly detailed performance related data regarding not only the work but each individual worker itself. This can now be done on a minute by minute basis and often without the employee being aware (Gandy, 1993; Lyon, 1994). The information gathered by managers is most of the time too overwhelming to go through stringently. Power relations become relevant when this vast information about worker performance is collected. This is because managers must now decide if or how to use the information gathered on worker performance. Due to the economic demands to become more efficient and more profitable, managers are pressured to use the information at hand to hopefully enhance performance and efficiency of workers (Susan Bryant, 1995). Managers or employers will be able to take courses of action based on the worker performance information. For instance, reprimanding individual employees for dismal performance or changing standard operating procedures. One of the side effects of this is that it legitimizes decisions to further intensify worker surveillance for the benefit of profitability and efficiency. Modern surveillance in the workplace can be modelled after Jeremy Benthams Panopticon the prison complex designed whereby prison guards would be able to watch prisoners without being watched back (Zuboff, 1988). Nevertheless workplace surveillance using ICT differs from Benthams Panopticon because workers are certain that they are being watched all the time. The constant visibility and unverifiability that employees experience through workplace surveillance may have significant positive implications on the way they work (Zuboff, 1988, p. 321). A phenomenon that Zuboff refers to as anticipatory conformity often happens because of the mere existence of surveillance. Since workers are aware they are consistently being watched, a culture of self discipline tends to take place to reduce the risk of unwanted discovery. This is interesting because it allows change in the way workers work without management having to take extra action. This worker self discipline helps prove Foucaults argument (1979) that sooner or later, individuals become bearers of their own surveillance. (Lyon, 1994, pg. 133) Even if workers dont willingly self discipline themselves, it is highly likely that because of the readily available system generated information about each others performance, peer surveillance and intervention will get to them before management intervention will (Laabs, 1992; Lyon, 1994). As employees become more and more accustomed to surveillance methods, employees may be able to get away with doing less by working around existing sys tems to avoid detection. However, such occurrences are deemed to be less likely to happen compared to trends of conformity (Zuboff, 1988). It may also be argued that surveillance encourages workers to work harder and to become more productive as their efforts are now more easily recognized by management. This means that individual workers are more likely to be rewarded for putting in extra effort. Furthermore, employees are less likely to be put at fault for the wrongs of others. This phenomenon also happens automatically because of the existence of surveillance in the workplace without any direct intervention from management (Zuboff, 1988). The last two points show how the existence of ICT in the workplace (which allows for worker surveillance) may allow for management to relax control over workers and at the same time expect positive returns whilst having to exert less authority or power in the workplace. Communication and Organization Structure The introduction of ICT has allowed us to interact at almost same speeds a matter of seconds regardless of whether we are a few meters or a few miles away from one another. In the past two decades following the birth of utilities like e-mail and ultra fast internet connections, the workplace has experienced a significant change in operating procedures and structure due to this advancement in communication capabilities. Firms are now able to function on a transnational basis. Managers from firms are able to operate from their home countries without having to incur the financial, physical and opportunity cost of leaving their home country (or at least less often). The ability to communicate over distances and at such great speed has allowed managers to run things thousands of miles away on a real time basis. The complexity of a firm may change from that of vertically complex to horizontally complex due to the ability of managers on top of the hierarchy to communicate with more people at a greater ease. The need for extra layers of hierarchy to delegate tasks becomes unnecessary because of better communication technology. Workers at the lower end/bottom of hierarchy may find it easier to pitch ideas because there may be less red tape to go through before their idea can be proposed. On the other hand, CEOs may find that instructions are conveyed to their subordinates more clearly and effectively because these instructions need not be passed on to too many levels of management before it reaches everyone. The ability to communicate with ICT may also affect the centralization of a firm. A centralized firm is one where decisions in the organization are concentrated at one point. The introduction of ICT will become a catalyst to the decentralization of a firm (John Bratton, 2007). With ICT, it is much easier for senior management to solicit information and ideas from workers down the hierarchy. This is because, as mentioned, the means of communication make conveying and soliciting an idea much simpler than before. Prior to this, a physical meeting with high level management would be needed to pitch an idea; which means that it would virtually be impossible for a low rank worker to contribute any ideas to the firm. With the improved ability to communicate amongst workers and management, senior management might be willing to give more decision making autonomy to workers since their input would be more accessible. This has a major impact on power relations in a firm because communication ma y allow for control to be relaxed as decision making input may come from both sides of the hierarchy. Having said that, the extensive use of e-mail and electronic communication in the workplace means people seldom ever have to meet (Argyll and Cook, 1976). Not physically meeting takes away the ability to analyze the personal construct of others (Adam Webber, 1981). Personal construct theory deals with a range of professional social skills that enable people to analyze interactions from different perspectives and make judgements about peoples personalities and meanings. These skills are drawn from physical interaction with individuals. The effects of this are adverse because little or no consideration will be taken about workers feelings and personality. Deskilling and Enskilling Argument Deskilling is defined as a reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job, which leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages paid for that job (Bratton, 2007). In the Taylorist context, the deskilling argument focuses on the division of mental and physical labour and the breaking up of complex tasks into smaller, more discrete ones. The logic of capitalist production requires the constant transformation of techniques of production. This involves an increase in mechanization, automation which results in the displacement of skills (Penn Scattergood, 1985). The workforce becomes even more degraded and deskilled. For instance, fast food or retail outlets have electronic tills that scan, calculate and tell the cashier how much money to return to the customer as change. The cashiers job is repetitive, relatively simple and easy to keep an eye on because everything is electronic. The main goal of this is to not only ensure worker efficiency but to increase the degree of control the management has over workers. Very little is taken into consideration about worker satisfaction or fulfilment. Harry Braverman notes that the goal of the labour process under capitalism is to generate managerial control for maximization of efficiency and profitability (Glenn and Feldberg, 1979). Due to the fact that workers under this condition only concentrate on specific tasks, they lack the skills to do things out of their job requirement, perhaps because they have neglected and hence have forgotten about those skills. On the other hand, let us consider the enskilling argument. Enskilling is described as changes in work often involving technology that result in an increase in the skill level of workers (Bratton, 2007). Many individuals would have been retrenched due to technology making certain manual jobs automated. However, for those who still have their jobs, their job scope would have increased. ICT enables more people do more things. For instance, an editor in a publishing house in the 1970s would only have enough expertise and minutes in a day to be in charge of reading and editing hand written manuscripts whilst having to send them back and forth to the author through traditional postal mail. With ICT, manuscripts may be written, edited, and transmitted digitally; which saves time. ICT also makes it easy enough for the 21st century editor to acquire other hands on skills such as video editing and graphic design; tasks that would have formerly been left to specialist in those fields. In addition, one would be would be required to exercise many other discrete competencies such as copy editing, marketing skills and negotiating ability (Barry, Chandler, Clark, Johnston, Needle, 2000). Here, it is possible to notice an increase in skill variety, task identity and task feedback. The increased skill of the worker allows managers to give more autonomy to them. This effectively means that management may loosen its control over workers relaxing power relations between management and workers. However, some have argued that this enskilling of workers allow managers to control workers to a higher extent because tasks are now centralized on less individuals compared to when they were spread out over large amounts of people in scientific management. Conclusion I have displayed how the introduction of ICT to the workplace has caused an increase in worker surveillance, a greater capability to communicate and the enskilling/deskilling phenomena. I have then shown how the mentioned effects of ICT have affected power relations within the workplace by altering the magnitude (increase and decrease) of control, authority and influence management has over workers.

The Recycling Of Metals Engineering Essay

The Recycling Of Metals Engineering Essay In our report we are discussing about recycling of metals and why we go in for recycling it. Also we have chosen five metals namely steel, aluminum, copper, lead, and tungsten which are recycled efficiently during the recycling process and discuss about the method of processing and benefits of recycling process. Metals play an important part in modern societies and have historically been linked with industrial development and improved living standards. Society can draw on metal resources from Earths crust as well as from metal discarded after use in the economy [1]. Metals are highly recyclable materials because their intrinsic properties dont change much on repeated recycling. If we increase their reuse and recycling the metals have a potential to improve resource productivity, and to reduce energy use, some emissions, and waste disposal. Improper recovery of metals from the economy increases reliance on primary resources and can impact nature by increasing the dispersion of metals in ecosystems. What is metal recycling? Metal recycling is the process of reusing old metal material, mainly aluminum and steel, to make new products. Recycling old metal products uses 95% less  energy  than manufacturing it from new materials [2]. Why metal recycling? It is easy and cost-effective to recycle metal, and metal can be recycled continuously without losing its properties. Therefore recycling metal reduces the environmental impacts associated with metal mining and production.   2. Materials and Methods a. Aluminum Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the world and also one of the most recycled a fact that can be attributed to the strong price it commands in worldwide commodities markets. It is estimated that over 50% of aluminum cans produced will be recycled, with some countries having a recovery rate of greater than 90%. Aluminum is a sustainable metal because of its high recovery rate and recyclability, with 2/3 of all the aluminum ever produced in use today. i. Applications of aluminum Electrical conductors, transport, packaging, building and architecture, miscellaneous applications such as high pressure gas cylinders, machined components, sporting equipment, road barriers and signs and lithographic plates ii. Recycling of Aluminum The recycling of aluminum provides many environmental and economic benefits. Aluminum recycling saves a substantial amount of energy. Aluminum is a sustainable metal and can be recycled repeatedly for any number of times. It is also the most valuable recycled product that we humans consume. The marketing of aluminum enables the municipalities to reduce some of the cost of recycling of other less valuable products, which provides an economic necessity to recycle. In these days, it is cheaper, faster and more energy saving and also efficient to recycle aluminum than the olden days. Aluminum, being 100 percent recyclable can be recycled indefinitely. The process of recycling aluminum cans is described below [3]; Aluminum cans and other such wastes are collected from house wastes and by municipal garbage. Using a device called eddy current separator, the wastes are sorted when it arrives to company. The eddy current electrically charges and causes it to repel from the device in to a sorting stream and then is passed on in to an awaiting bin. Then these are condensed into highly dense, briquettes weighing 30-pound or bales of 1,200-pound. This is then shipped off to aluminum companies for melting and further processing. Once the condensed briquettes and bales arrives to the aluminum companies, it is shredded, crushed and torn off of their inside and outside decorations through a simple process of burning. Then, these palm sized pieces of aluminum are loaded into furnaces for melting, where the recycled metal is blended along with the new, virgin aluminum. Aluminum is melted and then poured ingot moulds and is cast in to ingots. It is then arranged in to 25-foot long ingots that weigh over 30,000 pounds. These ingots are then fed into rolling mills which reduce the thickness of the metal from about 20 inches into sheets that are about 10/1,000 of an inch thick. These metal sheets are then coiled and shipped to can makers that produce cans and other related products. These processed cans are then delivered for the filling of beverages to companies. Molten furnaceThe filled cans are then distributed to stores and supermarkets for sales. The consumers then consume it and is then put in to bins or collecting centres. Then the cans enter the recycling cycle and the whole process repeated. A used can gets back in to the stores shelves in as little as 60 days. Reverse mill products aluminum Aluminum plant plant Aliuminum plant process scrap Used aluminum products Aluminum ingot output Ingot cast Molten aluminum Aluminum scrap are collected iii. Applications of recycled aluminum Transportation Equipment, Containers and Packaging, Construction Materials, Durable Goods iv. Benefits of recycling aluminum [4] Conserves energy Manufacturing aluminum from virgin ore consumes a huge amount of energy in each and every step from metallurgy to casting which increases our dependence on fossil fuels. Recycling aluminum saves 92 percent of the energy needed to produce aluminum from bauxite ore. A single aluminum can, when recycled saves the amount of energy that is equivalent to the energy that is needed to power a television set for 3 hours. Conserves raw material Main source for the aluminum industry is the aluminum scrap because of its recycling nature. The recycled aluminum saves 4 tons of bauxite ore and 1,500 pounds of petroleum coke and pitch for every ton of re-melted aluminum instead of extracting. Reduces Pollution Recycling aluminum requires only less energy than manufacturing so, it means reduced greenhouse emissions. Also it reduces secondary effects on the environment, such as global warming and acid rain. Therefore recycling aluminum instead of extracting virgin ore eliminates nearly about 95 percent of air pollution and 97 percent of water pollution. b. Copper Copper is the ancient and most used metal by man. After iron and aluminum, copper is the most leading metal produced in the market. Copper is very commonly used in electrical and plumbing applications. Since number of electrical components are used in our day to day life, the application of copper increases day by day. Copper is used directly or as an alloy with iron (Bronze). Many ancient aircrafts are made of bronze. Most of the raw materials have alloys added to their base metal. i. Applications of copper Comparing to other metals, copper is more often used in its pure form than alloys. Copper have high resistance to corrosion and high electrical and thermal conductivity in the pure form which makes it suitable for most of the electrical, heating and plumbing applications. ii. Recycling of copper Casting the molten metal Temp 11600C into billets Molten furnace 99% pure Cu Extrusion process into tubes Collection and sorting of the scrap In Europe, 41% of copper for its applications are obtained from recycling [5]. Recycling of copper is done by the following steps. The scraps rich in copper are waste electrical and electronic equipments, old taps, plumbing pipes and scraps from copper/copper alloy production and manufacturing. So these scraps are first collected, sized and sorted. These sorted scraps are then melted, casted and then made into new copper products. When the copper scraps are received for recycling, it is first visually inspected, graded and analyzed chemically if necessary. Loose scraps are baled and stored until processed. High grade copper scraps are melted directly, but in some cases it is brought to higher purity when it is in a molten state while refining. It is then followed by deoxidization and then casted into billets or ingots for further production process. Temperature is reduced to 6000C optimal extrusion Wired into different diameters for several applications iii. Benefits of copper recycling [5] Environment Continuous mining may reduce the strength of the soil. The refining process will emit some dust particles along with some waste gases such as sulphur dioxide etc which will have some harmful effects on the environment. Even though many copper producers are involved in minimizing these harmful effects (sulphur dioxide is captured and used to make sulphuric acid) it is not possible to eliminate them completely. So the recycling process will enhance for this as a whole. Landfill costs If the used materials are not recycled, it will be sent for landfills. It is same in the case of copper where the non recycled copper materials are dumped as a whole in the earth called landfill. Once if we are continuously involved in increasing the content of landfill, it becomes very difficult to dispose those materials if it becomes full. Energy saving In general, the energy required for extracting one ton of copper from its ore is approximately 100GJ. But the energy required for producing same amount of copper from recycling is only 10GJ, which is only 10% of the energy needed for extraction. This results in saving a number of valuable reserves such as coal, natural gas etc. Conservation Currently 12% of known copper resources have been mined. However the number is finite and it makes sense to conserve these ores by recycling. The recycling efficiency of copper is about 40 to 60%. Economics Recycling copper is very economical compared to mine and extract new copper. Recycled copper saves 90% of the cost of the original copper which obviously helps to keep the cost of copper products down. c. Steel Steel  is an alloy mostly consists of  iron and carbon  content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight [7]. Steel is normally produced by smelting iron ore which is a commercial process where it contains more carbon and to become steel, it must be melted and reprocessed to reduce the amount of carbon and other elements are added, the liquid is then  continuously cast  into long slabs or  cast  into  ingots .Steel is mostly used in engineering and construction materials. It is very friendly to the environment and completely recyclable due to high durability, less energy consumption. i. Applications of steel Iron and steel are most widely used in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure appliances and buildings.Steel is used in variety of other  construction  materials, such as bolts,  nails, and  screws [10]. ii. Recycling of steel The unique magnetic properties of steel make it an easy material to recover from the waste so it can be recycled. The properties of the steel remain unchanged no matter how many times they are recycled. Steel recycling saves 75 percent of the energy which would be used to create steel from raw materials, enough to power 18 million homes. Over 65 percent of the steel produced in the U.S. is recycled into new steel every year. Steel is recycled in the following process. Collecting: The steel scraps are collected first from the companies; households etc†¦Then are taken to the recycling industry. Shredding: After it has reached the recycling plant the collected scraps are shredded into pieces. Magnetic Separation: The shredded pieces reach the magnetic separation process where the steel is attracted to magnet and gets separated from other metals. De tinning:   Steel cans normally have a layer of tin on them, where tin can is recycled on its own. This is usually carried out in specialized steel company, such as a steel mill or a scrap dealer. Melting: The separated steels scarps are the kept in a furnace for melting and hence the melted steel is casted and rolled into flat sheets.   Reformation:   Once the steel is in sheet form, it can be molded into products such as new steel cans, car parts or construction materials. Steel can be recycled infinitely without losing its strength or quality. iii. Applications of Recycled steel The recycled steel are used in appliances, Bridges Cans, Cars/trucks, Construction materials, Desks, File cabinets, Fire hydrants, Guard rails, Utility poles. iv. Benefits of recycling steel [9] Conservation of Natural Resources The recycling process in less expensive when compared with the manufacturing and also ecofriendly. Therefore using scrap steel helps preserve natural resources and energy. According to the Steel Recycling Institute, for every ton of steel recycled, 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds of limestone are conserved. By recycling, the steel industry also conserves a huge amount of energy, thus the energy can be used for other useful purposes. Landfill Space Recycling steel helps in saving landfill space by diverting steel from the waste stream. Reduces Air and water pollution Manufacturing steel from its virgin ore involves the emission of greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. Therefore using recycled steel generates 85 percent fewer emissions. Using scrap steel as a raw material in a steel mill can diminish water pollution by 76 percent and its mining waste by 97 percent said by Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries. Economically Advantageous Recycling the old steel into new steel than manufacturing steel completely from virgin ore is more profitable. d. Lead Lead is an element with a symbol Pb and has an atomic number of 82. It is very soft and malleable in nature. It comes under the category of heavy metals. Lead as a metal has a bluish-white color when it is freshly cut, but the color soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is exposed to air. Lead forms in to a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. Melting point of lead is 327.46 degree Celsius and a boiling point of 1749 degree Celsius. It is also known for its density which is 11.34g/cubic meter. Another important property of lead is that it is resistant to corrosion [11] i. Applications of lead Lead is used in ballast keel of sailboats and also in scube diving belts due to its property of high density. It is also used to cast small arms and ammunition and shotgun pellets. Lead is also used in printing. Since it is a non corrosion metal it suitable for outdoor applications when in contact with water. It is used in statues and sculptures and also in construction industry. Apart from all these, more than half of the worldwide lead production is used as electrodes in the lead-acid battery used extensively as a car battery. ii. Recycling of lead [13] Following are the recycling process. Receiving Batteries and recyclable raw materials are unloaded, weighed and sent to raw material processing center. Separation Batteries are broken apart in the hammer mill, and separated into three main components-leads, plastic and acid-by screening and gravity separation. Each component moves into a separate processing stream. Containment After initial processing, recovered lead and other lead wastes are stored in a specially designed containment building with a double-lined floor and leak-detection system. Purification The Waste water purification and treatment system neutralizes, purifies and converts the sulphuric acid into a pH- neutral liquid that is safely released into the sewer system. Smelting and refining After the lead is melted in blast furnaces, we mix the reclaimed lead with other materials to produce lead alloys. Casting Refined lead is poured into molds and cooled. Ingot molds come in three size large blocks (hogs), rectangular bars (pigs), and tube-shaped (billets). iii. Benefits of recycling lead Mining of lead requires energy of about 1000 TJ whereas recovering of lead from batteries and other sources requires only about 12.9 TJ. We clearly see that we save nearly 77 times the energy in the recovering process. Recycling lead also releases less amount of carbon dioxide when compared to the process of mining of lead from ore. To be accurate, recycling process gives 1.5Kt CO2 while the mining process gives 163Kt CO2 .This clearly shows the reduction in the amount of emission of green house gases to more than 100 times. Mineral resources are saved. Land resources are also saved from making it in to landfills. Lead recycling gives almost 100% efficiency. e. Tungsten recycling [14] Tungsten is a chemical element with a chemical symbol W and an atomic weight of 74. Tungsten is a whitish-gray metal and is one of the heaviest metals that have the highest melting point of any element except carbon; excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. The average concentration of tungsten in the Earths crust is estimated to be approximately0.0001%. The available ores for extracting tungsten are Scheelite (CaWO4) and Wolframite [(Fe, Mn) WO4].The leading use was as tungsten carbide in cemented carbides are use to make cutting tools and also as wear-resistant components by the construction, metalworking, mining, and oil drilling industries. Tungsten alloy or pure tungsten metal contacts, electrodes, and wires are used in electrical, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. Tungsten alloys and composites are used as a substitute for lead in bullets and shot. Tungsten chemicals are used to make catalysts, corrosion-resistant coatings, dyes and pigments, fir e-resistant compounds, high-temperature lubricants, and phosphors. As on today, the market rate for the tungsten ore is $16.25 per pound. This clearly shows the demand and the necessity for the metal. We have seen previously that only 0.0001 percent of ore is present over the earths crust and the price too being very expensive brings about the necessity of recovering and recycling from used mediums. This can save a lot of resources, energy required for mining ores and its processing to get the metal. Thus we clearly see recycling and recovering serves a great way for saving tungsten recourses. i. Recycling process Recycling of tungsten has been done since early 90s. We evidently are having a good progress in this recycling process. There are many ways to recycle the metal. But it depends on the type of scrap we choose to recover it from. The types of scraps are given below: Old scrap It consists of tungsten-bearing products that are worn out. Used cemented carbide parts like metal cutting tools, some tungsten metal and tungsten alloy parts from electrical equipments. Old super alloy scrap includes used turbine blades and other parts removed from jet engines. It also includes some tool steel components. New scrap It is generated during the processing of tungsten concentrates, scrap, and chemicals to make metal powder and during the fabrication of tungsten products from these materials. This includes hard scrap consisting of solid pieces, such as sub specification alloy parts and cemented carbide parts, soft scrap consists of fine particles, such as bag house dust from steel and alloy manufacture. Unrecovered scrap It represents tungsten in scrap that has not been recycled. Some of its examples include burned out lamps and lighting fixtures, electrical contact disks, land filled spent catalysts and low-grade grinding swarfs, non collectable carbide parts, tungsten carbide hard facing materials, and welding electrode stubs. Processing of alloy scraps The oxidation-reduction process is the preferred method for recycling tungsten heavy metal alloy turnings and powders. In this direct recycling process, the scrap is oxidized by heating it in air at 800 ° C, milled and screened, hydrogen reduced between 900 ° to 1,000 °C, screened, blended, and then mixed with virgin heavy metal alloy powder to make a ready-to-press powder for the production of new products. Processing of cemented carbide scrap Cemented carbide producers supply scrap directly to converters, who return recycled powders to them for reuse. The processing method involves oxidation followed by alkali leaching. Cemented carbide scrap could be recycled by semi direct methods, such as acid leaching, bloating followed by leaching, electrolysis, or leach-milling. Processing of pure tungsten powder scraps Pure tungsten metal scrap could be recycled by using the following method. Electrolysis, which uses the scrap as an anode in an electrolytic solution, then chemical processing in which melting is followed by oxidation-reduction. Processing of thoriated tungsten scrap Thoriated tungsten electrodes are also used in a variety of high-performance and special application lighting products, such as high-intensity discharge lamps. The scrap is oxidized in air and then either reduced with iron by using a silicothermic or aluminothermic process to make ferrotungsten or processed chemically to make APT. The thorium oxide, which ends up in the slag in the production process is sent to a low-level radiation depository. Cleaned thoriated tungsten powders, solids, and turnings, which are generated as new scrap during the production of thoriated tungsten products or, in the case of solids, as old scrap by consumers, are processed by using the oxidation-reduction method. ii. Benefits of recycling tungsten †¢Recovering tungsten this way enables us to save two-third of energy we spend for mining new tungsten from the ore. That is we spend only one-third of energy for recovering Tungsten when compared to mining. †¢Recycle efficiency of tungsten is 66% †¢CO2 emission is sustained there by contributing its merit to green house effect. †¢Saves mineral resource i.e 0.0001% of tungsten in earths crust What are the Benefits of metal recycling? Get paid for you give to scrap metal recycling facilities. Emission of green house gases gets reduced. Aluminum and steel can be recycled repeatedly. Decreases environmental damage caused by mining Conserves land and water resource. Things to be done The secondary metal production is been affected by environmental regulation through laws that control emissions and govern the classification and treatment of metal-loaded wastes. Also industry must develop better technology to isolate and recover maximum value from metals in waste streams, and governments must institute policies that remove barriers to their economically and environmentally. Only through a cooperative effort can society recover a maximum amount of metal from the industrial/social system to benefit the environment. Conclusions Recycling of metals helps us to make sustained use of metals. It conserves energy, natural resources, therefore reduces pollution. Due to the unique valuable properties metals will remain an integral part of future industrial society. Decades of increased productivity and more efficient technologies for metals production and use has decreased the share claimed by the primary and secondary metals industries. Many recycling techniques should be carried out so that the environmental benefits gets increasing on the reliance on secondary metal production include conserving energy, landscapes, and natural resources, and reducing toxic and nontoxic waste streams. If every country embraces it, a global impact will be achieved.

Persuation Paper -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When watching college athletes participating in their sports, does it ever cross one’s mind that the athletes getting paid? â€Å"The NCAA establishes rules and regulations for universities to follow and one of the most important rules is that student athletes should not receive any money with the exception of scholarships towards their tuition and housing† (Winn). In 1999, the Chronicle of Higher Education surveyed atheletes’ statistics on â€Å"graduation rates for scholarship college athletes in the NCAA’s top Division I.† Fifty-one percent of football players and 41 percent of male basketball players graduated in six years (Meggyesy). NCAA Chief Operating Officer Dan Boggan stated; â€Å"before the eligibility standards, some student-athletes including minority student-athletes, were brought onto campuses solely for their athletics ability, with little chance for them to graduate† (quoted in Reith).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This makes me really disappointed that some schools take sports to be more serious than academics. The schools are willing to dish out a couple of hundred dollars to get the best athletes so that they can get a championship victory at their schools. That is just not right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another thing that makes me very angry is that the media and fans want basketball and football players to leave school early because they have the talent to go straight to the pros. But when they do choose to do so, the media has s...

Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest

Ken Kesey and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, with its meaningful message of individualism, was an extremely influential novel during the 1960's. In addition, its author, Ken Kesey, played a significant role in the development of the counterculture of the 60's; this included all people who did not conform to society's standards, experimented in drugs, and just lived their lives in an unconventional manner. Ken Kesey had many significant experiences that enabled him to create One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. As a result of his entrance into the creative writing program at Stanford University in 1959 (Ken 1), Kesey moved to Perry Lane in Menlo Park. It was there that he and other writers first experimented with psychedelic drugs. After living at Perry Lane for a while, Kesey's friend, Vik Lovell, informed him about experiments at a local V.A. hospital in which volunteers were paid to take mind-altering drugs (Wolfe 321). Kesey's experiences at the hospital were his first step towards writing Cuckoo's Nest. Upon testing the effects of the then little-known drug, LSD, "...he was in a realm of consciousness he had never dreamed of before and it was not a dream or delirium but part of his awareness (322)." This awareness caused him to believe that these psychedelic drugs could enable him to see things the way they were truly meant to be seen. After working as a test subject for the hospital, Kesey was able to get a job working as a psychiatric aide. This was the next significant factor in writing the book. "Sometimes he would go to work high on acid (LSD) (323)." By doing so, he was able to understand the pain felt by the patients on the ward. In addition, the job allowed him to examine everything that went on within the confines of the hospital. From these things, Kesey obtained exceptional insight for writing One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. To make the novel seem as realistic as possible, he loosely based the characters on the personalities of people in the ward; also, his use of drugs while writing allowed him to make scenes such as Chief Bromden's (The Chief is the narrator of the story.

The Awakening :: essays research papers

-Compare/contrast Edna's love for Leonce, Robert, and Arobin. Throughout the novel, it became increasingly obvious of Edna's difficulty in the field of true love. She had initially found what she knew wasn't, followed by infatuation, and finally what she was sure was. Several different forms of love were present, yet each (including the final) proved to be unsuccessful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edna never felt comfortable in her relationship with Leonce. She had managed to assume the typical role of a female and never stray from her responsibilities that come with that. She had always done what was expected of her from her husband. However, this did not initiate solely with her husbands wants. She had always followed through with doing exactly what she has been expected to do; including finding a husband in someone that she was not in love with. He found more ownership in her, rather than equality in which she was longing for. She was never satisfying in the relationship that she had with him. The love that she had for him was merely present on the surface. It could best be described as a life that she was confined to living rather than the life that she had always yearned for. With the winds of change came a person that she found contrasting to her current life. This man was Alcee Arobin. His role in her life was not true love either. He merely introduced the taste of tangible love to a searching body. This love was not the kind that Edna was longing for either. Arobin's role was to introduce her to the importance of sex. This was something that was foreign between her and her husband. She felt more like an individual when she was enjoying the act of love making, rather than acting on account of someone else's pleasure. This affair was important to her becoming an individual. The entire pre-Robert time was in preparation to finding him. Arobin's importance was evident with Edna's actions immediately following this affair. She decided to close her house up and move to a smaller, less desirable one. The fact that it is less desirable is a key factor. This makes it impossible to assume that she was moving out to live a better material life. She decided that s he would sacrifice her good life and possessions in order to fully acquire individualism. Edna's true love was found in a person that appeared to have the most character.

Nature vs. Nuture

An Overarching View of Nature vs. Nature Katonia H. Dunaway Coppin State University Nature vs. Nurture 2 You got your brown eyes from your mother and your height from your father. But where did you get your thrill seeking personality and your talent for basketball. Did you get your eyes from your mom and your natural skill from your dad, or was it predetermined by your genes? Nature vs. Nurture 3The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as tabula rosa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate (2). According to this notion, everything that we are and all of our knowledge is determined by o ur experience.For example, when a person achieves tremendous academic success, did they do so because they are genetically predisposed to be successful, or is it a result of an enriched environment (2). Today, the majority of experts believe that behavior and development are influence by both nature and nurture. However, the issue still rages on in many areas, such as in the debate on the origins of homosexuality and influences on intelligence. Nature vs. Nurture 4 Nature- Heredity Scientists have known for years that traits such as eye color and hair color are determined by specific genes encoded in each human cell.The Nature Theory takes things a step further to say that more abstract traits such as intelligence, personality, aggression, and sexual orientation are also encoded in an individual's DNA(4). While it's clear that physical characteristics are hereditary, the genetic waters get a bit murkier when it comes to an individual's behavior, intelligence, and personality. Ultima tely, the old argument of nature vs. nurture has never really been won. We do not yet know how much of what we are is determined by our DNA and how much by our life experience.But we do know that ultimately both play a part. It has been reported that the use of the terms â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† as a convenient catch-phrase for the roles of heredity and environment in human development can be traced back to the 13th century France (1). Scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even â€Å"animal instincts. † This is known as the â€Å"nature† theory of human behavior (5). Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so.This is known as the â€Å"nurture† theory of human behavior (5). Nature vs. Nurture 5 Fast-growing understanding of the human genome has recently made it clear that both sides are partly right. Nature endows us with inborn abi lities and traits; nurture takes these genetic tendencies and molds them as we learn and mature. But that’s not all. The â€Å"nature vs. nurture† debate still rages on, as scientist fight over how much of whom we are is shaped by genes. Nurture – EnvironmentWhile not discounting that genetic tendencies may exist, supporters of the nurture theory believe they ultimately don't matter and that our behavioral aspects originate only from the environmental factors of our upbringing. Studies on infant and child temperament have revealed the most crucial evidence for nurture theories and how much by the environment (6). American psychologist John Watson, best known for his controversial experiments with a young orphan named Albert, demonstrated that the acquisition of a phobia could be explained by classical conditioning.A strong proponent of environmental learning, he said: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in an d I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select†¦ regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors(3). Nature vs. Nurture 6 Harvard psychologist B. F. Skinner's early experiments produced pigeons that could dance, do figure eights, and play tennis.Today known as the father of behavioral science, he eventually went on to prove that human behavior could be conditioned in much the same way as animals (4). If environment didn't play a part in determining an individual's traits and behaviors, then identical twins should, theoretically, be exactly the same in all respects, even if reared apart. But a number of studies show that they are never exactly alike, even though they are remarkably similar in most respects (1). So, was the way we behave engrained in us before we were born? Or has it developed over time in response to our experiences?Researchers on all sides of the nature v s. nurture debate agree that the link between a gene and a behavior is not the same as cause and effect. While a gene may increase the likelihood that you'll behave in a particular way, it does not make people do things. This in turn means that we still get to choose who we'll be when we grow up and the argument of nature vs. nurture continues to have theorist explore the question. References 1. Fierro, Pamela. Identical or Fraternal? You Can’t Always Tell by Looking Retrieved from http://www. about. com Guide. 2. Howe, M.J. A. (1997). IQ in Question: The truth about intelligence. London: Sage. 3. Hughes, Neiman. Nature vs. Nurture Ended. Retrieved from http://www. HumanNurtureome. org. 4. Johnson, Ramon. Nature versus Nurture. Newsletter, (2008, November 2) Pages 1-4. Retrieved February 28, 2010 from http://www. about. com. Guide. 5. Murray, Ralph. Nature vs. Nature Intelligence. Retrieved from http://www. wilderdom. com. 6. Powell, Kimberly. (2004, September 28). Are We Rea lly Born That Way? Retrieved February 28, 2010 from http://www. docstoc. com.

Genocide Paper Essay

I personally think genocide is wrong in every way you can think of. Why would anyone want to deliberately kill a group of people based on race or ethnicity? There have been much genocide to take place around the world, but some are better known than others. Some people have different theories on why genocide takes place. I think that genocide occurs for a couple reasons. The leaders of the genocide may feel that the group they are eliminating could be a potential threat somehow. Another reason may be to spread fear among real enemies, also to implement a belief or religious view. I don’t really see how the Jews were a threat to Hitler but by eliminating the Jews Hitler gained a lot of power. I think the leaders know that the groups of people are not threats I just think the biggest reason is to spread fear real enemies that will defiantly be a threat someday. They do it to make a point and show that they aren’t afraid to kill. I don’t agree with killing millions to prove that at all. Some genocide occurs because of economic wealth. And what I mean by this is that if one groups sees potential in something but another group is standing in the way of success they may just feel the need to eliminate the group so they can have economic wealth. I still don’t see what brings anyone happiness by killing millions of innocent people just because you want to prove that you’re the top country or something like that. Genocide is stupid in my opinion and I see no point for it whatsoever. The more I actually think about genocide the more I become in shock at the fact that there people in world who can kill and not think twice about. I’d feel bad if I killed a deer†¦I can’t even imagine killing a human. I noticed that there has not been genocide in the United States which I am very thankful for. I feel very bad for the people who are in foreign countries where genocide may not be frowned upon. I’m sure there are many people in those countries that wish they could live in the US. Whenever I think I have it bad I always just remember about the kids that were in Bosnia and Cambodia and the other places where genocides have occurred. I’m glad that the United States has helped countries who h ave been in genocide. Hopefully genocide will end one day and people in foreign countries won’t have to worry about it at all. I think they should really be strict about genocide in foreign countries and the US should be quick to help the country because usually the leader of the genocide is very powerful  and most of the time the country itself is not strong enough to defend itself so that’s where the united states could be a huge help because they are a very powerful country and would most likely defeat anyone. I’m just thankful I haven’t had to endure something like the holocaust or anything close to that because I don’t think I’d be able to. I have no clue how those people did it or how anyone who’s been in genocide has done it. I have a tremendous amount of respect for those people, talk about perseverance. I also have respect for the soldiers who try to stop the genocide that is occurring at the time and the sad part is most of them end up not survi ving, but they are sacrificing their lives for the people and I know the people are appreciative or at least they better be, I know I would be super appreciative of what they have done. There are a number of recorded accounts of genocide; the Holocaust, Darfur, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Cambodia and many more. The thought of systematically eradicating a group of people solely based on their religious belief, their racial background or political stance would seem superbly extreme to most people, how could genocide continue without notice or without being stopped? Time after time throughout history, there is either a lack of awareness about the genocide or the people that have the power to intercede have looked the other way or decided not to get involved. Whether or not the genocide directly affects us, it is a crime against humanity that should not be overlooked. The Armenian genocide, Beginning in 1915, ethnic Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were rounded up, deported and executed on orders of the government. The combination of massacres, forced deportation marches and deaths due to disease in concentration camps is estimated to have killed more than 1 million ethnic Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks between 1915 and 1923. Another famous genocide was the holocaust. After coming to power in 1933, the Nazi Party implemented a highly organized strategy of persecution and murder. Their targets were the so-called â€Å"undesirables†: Jews, Slavs, Roma, the disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals, as well as political and religious dissidents.The Nazis began with stripping citizenship from German Jews on the basis of their religious identity. Shortly thereafter, in November 1938, the organized pogrom of Kristallnacht marked the beginning of mass deportations of German Jews to concentration camps. As the Nazis conquered large areas of Europe, Jews and others in Nazi-controlled areas  were also deported to camps. When the German Army invaded the Soviet Union, it soon gave rise to mobile killing squads operating throughout Eastern Europe and Russia, which killed more than one million Jews and tens of thousands of other civilians. The construction of extermination camps at Auschwitz-Birkan au, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno and Sobibor led to the Nazis’ killing of 2.7 million Jews and others through the use of cyanide gas, summary executions and medical experimentation. Poor living conditions in non-extermination camps led to the deaths of millions more. It is estimated that six million Jews, two out of every three living in Europe, and another 5 million people had been killed by 1945. The genocide of Cambodia was also another one. When the Khmer Rouge took control of the Cambodian government in 1975, they declared the beginning of a new age dedicated to a peasant-oriented society. Instead, after outlawing education, religion, healthcare and technology, the Khmer Rouge ordered the evacuation of Cambodia’s cities and forced these residents to labor without adequate food or rest. Those who were unable to keep up were often summarily executed. At the same time, the Khmer Rouge began to target suspected political dissidents. These citizens, including doctors, teachers and those suspected of being educated were singled out for torture at the notorious Tuol Sleng prison. In four years, between 1.7 and 2 million Cambodians died in the Khmer Rougeâ⠂¬â„¢s ‘Killing Fields. The genocide in Bosnia was very large and gory. Beginning in 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines as political leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic began to use nationalist sentiment as a political tool. While Slovenian independence was relatively bloodless, Croatia’s declaration sparked a civil war between the province and the Yugoslav government. Troops from the mostly Serb Yugoslav army entered Croatian territory and committed widespread human rights abuses, including the siege of Vukovar and the shelling of Dubrovnik.In 1992, the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) also declared independence and the region quickly became the central theater of fighting between Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims). During the wars in the former Yugoslavia, all belligerents committed abuses against the civilians. Soldiers and paramilitaries used rape, torture, forcible displacement, and summary executions to â€Å"ethnically cleanse† areas under their c ontrol. The actions of Serbian units, including the Bosnian Serb army and  paramilitaries, were particularly notorious for committing atrocities, including the massacres at Foca, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Srebrenica. At Srebrenica, Bosnian Serb forces under General Radko Mladic overran a U.N. safe-area and executed at least 7,500 Bosniak men and boys who were sheltering with Dutch peacekeeping troops.Due to the nature of the attacks on civilians during the Bosnian and Croatian wars, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia in 1993. This tribunal is tasked with prosecuting offenders who contributed to the deaths of at least 96,000 people. The genocide in Rwanda started because of the civil war. Civil war broke out in Rwanda in 1990, further exacerbating tensions between the Tutsi minority and Hutu majority. Although a peace agreement was reached in 1992, political negotiations continued. In 1994, as he returned from the latest round of talks in neighboring Tanzania, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his plane was shot down outside of the country’s capital, Kigali. Habyarimana’s death provided the spark for an organized campaign of violence against Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians across the country. Despite the efforts of United Nations peacekeepers, extremist Hutu groups killed between 800,000 and 1 million people across the country in only 100 days. In 1994, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), dedicated to bringing those responsible for the genocide to justice. While slow-moving, the ICTR has determined that the widespread rapes committed during the Rwandan genocide may also be considered an act of torture and genocide on their own. Darfur is another genocide that has occurred. The conflict in Darfur began in the spring of 2003 when two Darfuri rebel movements — the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) — launched attacks against government military installations as part of a campaign to fight against the historic political and economic marg inalization of Darfur.The Sudanese government, engaged in tense negotiations with the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to end a two decade long civil war between North and South Sudan, responded swiftly and viciously to extinguish the insurgency. Through coordinated military raids with government-armed militia (collectively known as the janjaweed), the Sudanese military specifically targeted ethnic groups from which the rebels received much of their support, systematically destroying  the livelihoods of Darfuris by bombing and burning villages, looting economic resources, and murdering, raping and torturing non-combatant civilians.In March 2009, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for two counts of war crimes and five counts of crimes against humanity. The following summer, the ICC added genocide to the charges against al-Bashir. The ICC has also issued arrest warrants for Ali Kushayb and Ahmad Haroun for a combined 92 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against civilians in Darfur. In March 2012, the ICC added Sudan’s current Minister of Defense Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein to the list issuing an arrest warrant for crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur.The United Nations-African Union peacekeeping force (UNAMID) in Darfur replaced an underfunded and underequipped African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur in January 2008. UNAMID to this day remains without the necessary resources to protect the 1.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) who live in large camps across Darfur. The government has increasingly obstructed UNAMID and humanitarian organizations by restricting access, often leaving the most vulnerable civilians cut off from outside aid. There are also an estimated 263,000 Darfuri refugees living across the Sudanese border in neighboring Chad. Overall, the UN estimates that more than 4.7 million people in Darfur (out of a total population of roughly 7.5 million) are still affected by the conflict.Women living in IDP camps risk rape or harassment if they leave the camp to access water, collect firewood, or plant crops; however, due to the limited access of aid, they often do not have a choice. Gender based violence (GBV) has been used as a tool to oppress women throughout the crisis and those who target women do so with impunity. Due to cultural and religious taboos, GBV often goes unreported and perpetrators are rarely held accountable for their crimes. The most famous well-known genocide is the holocaust. The holocaust had a huge effect on the US and many other places. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its c ollaborators. â€Å"Holocaust† is a word of Greek origin meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire.† The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that the Jews, deemed â€Å"inferior,† were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. During the  era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived â€Å"racial inferiority†:Roma (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals. In 1933, the Jewish population stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War ll By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"Final Solution,† the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Naz is deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called Euthasium program. As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans and their collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of other people. Between two and three million Soviet Prisoners of War were murdered or died of starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment. The Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia for killing, and deported millions of Polish and Soviet civilians for forced labor in Germany or in occupied Poland, where these individuals worked and often died under deplorable conditions. From the earliest years of the Nazi regime, German authorities persecuted homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match prescribed social norms. German police officials targeted thousands of political opponents (including Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists) and religious dissidents (such as Jehovah’s Witnesses). Man y of these individuals died as a result of incarceration and maltreatment. In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in the  so-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews , Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to killing centers, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities. In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called â€Å"death marches,† in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their â€Å"Victory D ay† on May 9, 1945. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe entirely. I think the holocaust was a terrible thing and I feel extremely bad for all the Jews because for no reason at all they were killed and put in camps and basically tortured for a long time. Hitler deserved to die; I just wish he had died a lot earlier before 6 million Jews were killed because of him. They did not deserve to die. I wish someone would have shot Hitler right when the holocaust started. The bad part is the Jews didn’t even know what was  happening. When they were approached the Nazis lied to Jews about where they were going. They told them that the concentration camps were a lot nic er then they really were. They said they would receive food 3 times a day and that there was no mandatory labor, basically making the Jews want to come to the camps. And by the time the Jews realized they were lying it was too late. Another awful thing the Germans did to trick the Jews was they said that the Jews were going to get a shower when really they were going to die. The showers were really gas chambers. So what they did is they made the Jews get completely naked and then they would make them all go in the chamber and in the mean time the Jews were all excited because they were finally going to get to take a shower. The saddest part was that even tiny children were put in the gas chambers. I don’t understand how those Germans could sit there and watch kids as young as 8 die slowly. It disgusts me that they would do that. I just wish the US had known about these camps sooner because I’m sure many lives could have been saved. I still don’t see why it had to be the Jews. Why did it even have to happen? I don’t get why genocide has to happen at all, I see absolutely no point to it at all. Basically genocide is a mass murder of people based on race or religion. Why do people feel t he need to kill people based on that? There are other ways to deal with them. Killing shouldn’t even be a last resort. In my opinion people can do what they want and anyone who thinks a race should be eliminated just because deserves to be executed or be put in prison for the rest of his/her life. It is clear from empirical and historical research that democide, including genocide (however defined), are facets of totalitarian systems, and to a lesser extent of authoritarian ones. The degree to which people are not democratically free increases the likelihood of some kind of domestic genocide or democide, as in totalitarian Stalin’s Soviet Union, Hitler’s Germany, and Mao’s Communist China; or fascist Chiang Kai-shek’s China, Franco’s Spain, and Admiral Miklos Horthy’s Hungary; or dictator Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, Idi Amin’s Uganda, and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s Turkey. Those governments that commit virtually no domestic genocide, or other government domest ic murder or extermination campaigns, are the modern democracies that recognize civil liberties and political rights. To predict where genocide is likely to occur, look first at the totalitarian governments, and next at the authoritarian ones. Whatever the political institutions of a government, the  possibility of genocide sharply increases when it is involved in international or domestic wars. The Holocaust is one clear example. There was the mass murder of Jews before 1939, but not as a government policy to murder all Jews wherever they were or came under German control. That policy did not come into existence until Germany was well into World War II. Similarly with the mass murder of Armenians by the Young Turk government. During World War I, the Turk’s alliance with Germany and the Russian invasion of Eastern Turkey provided the Young Turks with the excuse to purify Turkey of Armenians and Christians once and for all. Similarly with Stalin’s deportation of ethnic/national minorities, such as Germans, Greeks, Meskhetians, Tartars, Ukrainians, and others during World War II that caused the death of around 750,000 of them. Perhaps a million or more were thus murdered during the Mexican Revolution from 191 0-20. And other examples of genocide being executed during military incursions, civil wars, or the fight for independence are the genocides by Angola, Burma, Chile, both Congos, Colombia, El Salvador, Indonesia, Iran, Iran, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Syria, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Croatia), and so on for many others. War has always been an excuse, cover, or stimulus for genocide and mass murder. There has been considerable research on why a perpetrator should want to destroy a group or, if not destroy the group as such, murder people because of their group membership. Motives are often complex and intertwined, but one can usually pull out among the mix a major motive. One such motive is to destroy a group that is perceived as a threat to the ruling power. Such, for example, was the 1970 parliamentary elections in Pakistan that showed the political power of East Pakistan and threatened the control over it by West Pakistan, and the power of the military government. They thus militarily seized East Pakistan and murdered over a million Bengali leaders, intellectuals, professionals, and any Hindus that the military were able to capture. Such was also the case with the strong resistance of the Ukrainian farmer to Stalin’s program of collectivization in 1931-32 coupled with the threat of Ukrainian nationalism to communist control. So, when what would have been a mild famine hit the region in 1932, Stalin magnified the famine many fold by seizing food and its sources (livestock, pets, seed grain, shooting birds in the trees, etc.) and boycotting the import of food to Ukraine. Even visitors to Ukraine were  searched and food taken away from them before they entered the Soviet Republic. About 5 million Ukrainians were starved to death. In conclusion, I think genocide has no place in this world whatsoever. I think anyone who is a part of genocide is terrible people. I just feel like there are many other solutions to problems then mass murder. Innocent people do not deserve to die because of a leader’s religious view or any views at all. Do I think it’s possible that this century could be a century of death? My answer is possibly. I say this because I feel like people only think that because a lot of people have died. How can we really tell if this century is a century of death if we can only compare to past centuries? If we could look into future centuries and see how many people will die then we could figure it out. My prediction is more and more people will die in upcoming centuries only because the population will be so great. But I could easily be wrong. So like I said I hope genocide will come to an end one day or at least be stopped before people are killed. I would hope that someone will be brav e enough to stand up to a leader of genocide. My opinion on genocide will never change. Till the day I die I will think genocide has no place in this world or anywhere else. And that all those Jews that were killed and basically anyone who was killed in a genocide deserved to live. The leaders did not. I personally think genocide is wrong in every way you can think of. Why would anyone want to deliberately kill a group of people based on race or ethnicity? There have been much genocide to take place around the world, but some are better known than others. Some people have different theories on why genocide takes place. I think that genocide occurs for a couple reasons. The leaders of the genocide may feel that the group they are eliminating could be a potential threat somehow. Another reason may be to spread fear among real enemies, also to implement a belief or religious view. I don’t really see how the Jews were a threat to Hitler but by eliminating the Jews Hitler gained a lot of power. I think the leaders know that the groups of people are not threats I just think the biggest reason is to spread fear real enemies that will defiantly be a threat someday. They do it to make a point and show that they aren’t afraid to kill. I don’t agree with killing millions to prove that at all. Some genocide occurs because of economic wealth. And what I mean by this is that if one groups sees potential in something but another group is standing in the way of success they may just feel the need to eliminate the group so they can have economic wealth. I still don’t see what brings anyone happiness by killing millions of innocent people just because you want to prove that you’re the top country or something like that. Genocide is stupid in my opinion and I see no point for it whatsoever. The more I actually think about genocide the more I become in shock at the fact that there people in world who can kill and not think twice about. I’d feel bad if I killed a deer†¦I can’t even imagine killing a human. I noticed that there has not been genocide in the United States which I am very thankful for. I feel very bad for the people who are in foreign countries where genocide may not be frowned upon. I’m sure there are many people in those countries that wish they could live in the US. Whenever I think I have it bad I always just remember about the kids that were in Bosnia and Cambodia and the other places where genocides have occurred. I’m glad that the United States has helped countries who have been in genocide. Hopefully genocide will end one day and people in foreign countries won’t have to worry about it at all. I think they should really be strict about genocide in foreign countries and the US should be quick to help the country because usually the leader of the genocide is very powerful  and most of the time the country itself is not strong enough to defend itself so that’s where the united states could be a huge help because they are a very powerful country and would most likely defeat anyone. I’m just thankful I haven’t had to endure something like the holocaust or anything close to that because I don’t think I’d be able to. I have no clue how those people did it or how anyone who’s been in genocide has done it. I have a tremendous amount of respect for those people, talk about perseverance. I also have respect for the soldiers who try to stop the genocide that is occurring at the time and the sad part is most of them end up not surviving, but they are sacrificing their lives for the people and I know the people are appreciative or at least they better be, I know I would be super appreciative of what they have done. There are a number of recorded accounts of genocide; the Holocaust, Darfur, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Cambodia and many more. The thought of systematically eradicating a group of people solely based on their religious belief, their racial background or political stance would seem superbly extreme to most people, how could genocide continue without notice or without being stopped? Time after time throughout history, there is either a lack of awareness about the genocide or the people that have the power to intercede have looked the other way or decided not to get involved. Whether or not the genocide directly affects us, it is a crime against humanity that should not be overlooked. The Armenian genocide, Beginning in 1915, ethnic Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were rounded up, deported and executed on orders of the government. The combination of massacres, forced deportation marches and deaths due to disease in concentration camps is estimated to have killed more than 1 million ethnic Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks between 1915 and 1923. Another famous genocide was the holocaust. After coming to power in 1933, the Nazi Party implemented a highly organized strategy of persecution and murder. Their targets were the so-called â€Å"undesirables†: Jews, Slavs, Roma, the disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals, as well as political and religious dissidents.The Nazis began with stripping citizenship from German Jews on the basis of their religious identity. Shortly thereafter, in November 1938, the organized pogrom of Kristallnacht marked the beginning of mass deportations of German Jews to concentration camps. As the Nazis conquered large areas of Europe, Jews and others in Nazi-controlled areas  were also deported to camps. When the German Army invaded the Soviet Union, it soon gave rise to mobile killing squads operating throughout Eastern Europe and Russia, which killed more than one million Jews and tens of thousands of other civilians. The construction of extermination camps at Auschwitz-Birkan au, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno and Sobibor led to the Nazis’ killing of 2.7 million Jews and others through the use of cyanide gas, summary executions and medical experimentation. Poor living conditions in non-extermination camps led to the deaths of millions more. It is estimated that six million Jews, two out of every three living in Europe, and another 5 million people had been killed by 1945. The genocide of Cambodia was also another one. When the Khmer Rouge took control of the Cambodian government in 1975, they declared the beginning of a new age dedicated to a peasant-oriented society. Instead, after outlawing education, religion, healthcare and technology, the Khmer Rouge ordered the evacuation of Cambodia’s cities and forced these residents to labor without adequate food or rest. Those who were unable to keep up were often summarily executed. At the same time, the Khmer Rouge began to target suspected political dissidents. These citizens, including doctors, teachers and those suspected of being educated were singled out for torture at the notorious Tuol Sleng prison. In four years, between 1.7 and 2 million Cambodians died in the Khmer Rougeâ⠂¬â„¢s ‘Killing Fields. The genocide in Bosnia was very large and gory. Beginning in 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines as political leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic began to use nationalist sentiment as a political tool. While Slovenian independence was relatively bloodless, Croatia’s declaration sparked a civil war between the province and the Yugoslav government. Troops from the mostly Serb Yugoslav army entered Croatian territory and committed widespread human rights abuses, including the siege of Vukovar and the shelling of Dubrovnik.In 1992, the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) also declared independence and the region quickly became the central theater of fighting between Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims). During the wars in the former Yugoslavia, all belligerents committed abuses against the civilians. Soldiers and paramilitaries used rape, torture, forcible displacement, and summary executions to â€Å"ethnically cleanse† areas under their control. The actions of Serbian units, including the Bosnian Serb army and  paramilitaries, were particularly notorious for committing atrocities, including the massacres at Foca, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Srebrenica. At Srebrenica, Bosnian Serb forces under General Radko Mladic overran a U.N. safe-area and executed at least 7,500 Bosniak men and boys who were sheltering with Dutch peacekeeping troops.Due to the nature of the attacks on civilians during the Bosnian and Croatian wars, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia in 1993. This tribunal is tasked with prosecuting offenders who contributed to the deaths of at least 96,000 people. The genocide in Rwanda started because of the civil war. Civil war broke out in Rwanda in 1990, further exacerbating tensions between the Tutsi minority and Hutu majority. Although a peace agreement was reached in 1992, political negotiations continued. In 1994, as he returned from the latest round of talks in neighboring Tanzania, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his plane was shot down outside of the country’s capital, Kigali. Habyarimana’s death provided the spark for an organized campaign of violence against Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians across the country. Despite the efforts of United Nations peacekeepers, extremist Hutu groups killed between 800,000 and 1 million people across the country in only 100 days. In 1994, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), dedicated to bringing those responsible for the genocide to justice. While slow-moving, the ICTR has determined that the widespread rapes committed during the Rwandan genocide may also be considered an act of torture and genocide on their own. Darfur is another genocide that has occurred. The conflict in Darfur began in the spring of 2003 when two Darfuri rebel movements — the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) — launched attacks against government military installations as part of a campaign to fight against the historic political and economic marginalization of Darfur.The Sudanese government, engaged in tense negotiations with the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to e nd a two decade long civil war between North and South Sudan, responded swiftly and viciously to extinguish the insurgency. Through coordinated military raids with government-armed militia (collectively known as the janjaweed), the Sudanese military specifically targeted ethnic groups from which the rebels received much of their support, systematically destroying  the livelihoods of Darfuris by bombing and burning villages, looting economic resources, and murdering, raping and torturing non-combatant civilians.In March 2009, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for two counts of war crimes and five counts of crimes against humanity. The following summer, the ICC added genocide to the charges against al-Bashir. The ICC has also issued arrest warrants for Ali Kushayb and Ahmad Haroun for a combined 92 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against civilians in Darfur. In March 2012, the ICC added Sudan’s current Minister of Defense Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein to the list issuing an arrest warrant for crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur.The United Nations-African Union peacekeeping force (UNAMID) in Darfur replaced an underfunded and underequipped African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur in January 2008. UNAMID to this day remains without the necessary resources to protect the 1.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) who live in large camps across Darfur. The government has increasingly obstructed UNAMID and humanitarian organizations by restricting access, often leaving the most vulnerable civilians cut off from outside aid. There are also an estimated 263,000 Darfuri refugees living across the Sudanese border in neighboring Chad. Overall, the UN estimates that more than 4.7 million people in Darfur (out of a total population of roughly 7.5 million) are still affected by the conflict.Women living in IDP camps risk rap e or harassment if they leave the camp to access water, collect firewood, or plant crops; however, due to the limited access of aid, they often do not have a choice. Gender based violence (GBV) has been used as a tool to oppress women throughout the crisis and those who target women do so with impunity. Due to cultural and religious taboos, GBV often goes unreported and perpetrators are rarely held accountable for their crimes. The most famous well-known genocide is the holocaust. The holocaust had a huge effect on the US and many other places. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. â€Å"Holocaust† is a word of Greek origin meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire.† The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that the Jews, deemed â€Å"inferior,† were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. During the  era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived â€Å"racial inferiority†:Roma (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on pol itical, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals. In 1933, the Jewish population stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War ll By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"Final Solution,† the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called Euthasium program. As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans and their collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of other people. Between two and three million Soviet Prisoners of War were murdered or died of starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment. The Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia for killing, and deported millions of Polish and Soviet civilians for forced labor in Germany or in occupied Poland, where these individuals worked and often died under deplorable conditions. From the earliest years of the Nazi regime, German authorities persecuted homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match prescribed social norms. German police officials targeted thousands of political opponents (including Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists) and religious dissidents (such as Jehovah’s Witnesses). Many of these individuals died as a result of incarceration and maltreatment. In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in the  so-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to killing centers, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities. In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called â€Å"death marches,† in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their â€Å"Victory Day† on May 9, 1945. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe entirely. I think the holocaust was a terrible thing and I feel extremely bad for all the Jews because for no reason at all they were killed and put in camps and basically tortured for a long time. Hitler deserved to die; I just wish he had died a lot earlier before 6 million Jews were killed because of him. They did not deserve to die. I wish someone would have shot Hitler right when the holocaust started. The bad part is the Jews didn’t even know what was  happening . When they were approached the Nazis lied to Jews about where they were going. They told them that the concentration camps were a lot nicer then they really were. They said they would receive food 3 times a day and that there was no mandatory labor, basically making the Jews want to come to the camps. And by the time the Jews realized they were lying it was too late. Another awful thing the Germans did to trick the Jews was they said that the Jews were going to get a shower when really they were going to die. The showers were really gas chambers. So what they did is they made the Jews get completely naked and then they would make them all go in the chamber and in the mean time the Jews were all excited because they were finally going to get to take a shower. The saddest part was that even tiny children were put in the gas chambers. I don’t understand how those Germans could sit there and watch kids as young as 8 die slowly. It disgusts me that they would do that. I just wish the US had known about these camps sooner because I’m sure many lives cou ld have been saved. I still don’t see why it had to be the Jews. Why did it even have to happen? I don’t get why genocide has to happen at all, I see absolutely no point to it at all. Basically genocide is a mass murder of people based on race or religion. Why do people feel the need to kill people based on that? There are other ways to deal with them. Killing shouldn’t even be a last resort. In my opinion people can do what they want and anyone who thinks a race should be eliminated just because deserves to be executed or be put in prison for the rest of his/her life. It is clear from empirical and historical research that democide, including genocide (however defined), are facets of totalitarian systems, and to a lesser extent of authoritarian ones. The degree to which people are not democratically free increases the likelihood of some kind of domestic genocide or democide, as in totalitarian Stalin’s Soviet Union, Hitler’s Germany, and Mao’s Communist China; or fascist Chiang Kai-shek’s China, Franco’s Spain, and Admiral Miklos Horthy’s Hungary; or dictator Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, Idi Amin’s Uganda, and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s Turkey. Those governments that commit virtually no domestic genocide, or other government domestic murder or extermination campaigns, ar e the modern democracies that recognize civil liberties and political rights. To predict where genocide is likely to occur, look first at the totalitarian governments, and next at the authoritarian ones. Whatever the political institutions of a government, the  possibility of genocide sharply increases when it is involved in international or domestic wars. The Holocaust is one clear example. There was the mass murder of Jews before 1939, but not as a government policy to murder all Jews wherever they were or came under German control. That policy did not come into existence until Germany was well into World War II. Similarly with the mass murder of Armenians by the Young Turk government. During World War I, the Turk’s alliance with Germany and the Russian invasion of Eastern Turkey provided the Young Turks with the excuse to purify Turkey of Armenians and Christians once and for all. Similarly with Stalin’s deportation of ethnic/national minorities, such as Germans, Greeks, Meskhetians, Tartars, Ukrainians, and others during World War II that caused the death of around 750,000 of them. Perhaps a million or more were thus murdered during the Mexican Revolution from 1910-20. And other examples of genocide being executed during military incursions, civil wars, or the fight for independence are the genocides by Angola, Burma, Chile, both Congos, Colombia, El Sa lvador, Indonesia, Iran, Iran, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Syria, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Croatia), and so on for many others. War has always been an excuse, cover, or stimulus for genocide and mass murder. There has been considerable research on why a perpetrator should want to destroy a group or, if not destroy the group as such, murder people because of their group membership. Motives are often complex and intertwined, but one can usually pull out among the mix a major motive. One such motive is to destroy a group that is perceived as a threat to the ruling power. Such, for example, was the 1970 parliamentary elections in Pakistan that showed the political power of East Pakistan and threatened the control over it by West Pakistan, and the power of the military government. They thus militarily seized East Pakistan and murdered over a million Bengali leaders, intellectuals, professionals, and any Hindus that the military were able to capture. Such was also the case with the strong resistance of the Ukrainian farmer to Stalin’s program of collectivization in 1931-32 coupled with the threat of Ukrainian nationalism to communist control. So, when what would have been a mild famine hit the region in 1932, Stalin magnified the famine many fold by seizing food and its sources (livestock, pets, seed grain, shooting birds in the trees, etc.) and boycotting the import of food to Ukraine. Even visitors to Ukraine were  searched and food taken away from them before they entered the Soviet Republic. About 5 million Ukrainians were starved to death. In conclusion, I think genocide has no place in this world whatsoever. I think anyone who is a part of genocide is terrible people. I just feel like there are many other solutions to problems then mass murder. Innocent people do not deserve to die because of a leader’s religious view or any views at all. Do I think it’s possible that this century could be a century of death? My answer is possibly. I say this because I feel like people only think that because a lot of people have died. How can we really tell if this century is a century of death if we can only compare to past centuries? If we could look into future centuries and see how many people will die then we could figure it out. My prediction is more and more people will die in upcoming centuries only because the population will be so great. But I could easily be wrong. So like I said I hope genocide will come to an end one day or at least be stopped before people are killed. I would hope that someone will be brav e enough to stand up to a leader of genocide. My opinion on genocide will never change. Till the day I die I will think genocide has no place in this world or anywhere else. And that all those Jews that were killed and basically anyone who was killed in a genocide deserved to live. The leaders did not.