Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 practice visitation 1. Which of the future(a) digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the gullet? solution pharynx 2. The active process that come abouts when materials enter the digestive package via the mouth is perform brea frailg in 3. Sympathetic input signal of the muscularis externa promotes root muscular inhibition and relaxation 4. Which of the following statements about peritonitis is false? swear out It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. 5.Which of the following major(ip) layers of the digestive pathway is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? Answer submucosa 6. knockout contractions of the ascending and thwartwise colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon atomic number 18 called Answer mass peristalsis 7. Which of the following salivary glands rise salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme ? Answer 1. parotid glands 2. sublingual glands 8. Which of the following is not a fly the coop of saliva?Answer initial digestion of proteins 9. The three pairs of salivary glands that conceal into the oral st bingle pit include Answer parotid, sublingual, and sub partdibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and grinding of victuals atomic number 18 best established by the action of the Answer bicuspids 11. The three physiques of deglutition argon Answer buccal, guttural, and esophageal 12. On its way to the oesophagus, food normally passes by means of the Answer oropharynx and laryngopharynx 13. The pharyngeal hefts that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the Answer pharyngeal constrictor muscles 14.Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the patronize by the Answer laryngopharynx 15. The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that Answer prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the eso phagus 16. The contractions of the stomach are inhibited by Answer secretin 17. Which of the following is unblockd by the stomach? Answer gastrin 18. The division of the small(a)ish bowel that contains the Brunner glands is the Answer duodenum 19. An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is Answer disaccharidase 20. impertinence entering the gallbladder must pass through the Answer cystic duct 21. The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is Answer cholecystokinin 22. The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the Answer taenia coli 23. The vermiform appendix is dominated by what eccentric of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa? Answer lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the astronomic catgut are Answer biotin, panto becauseic acid, and vitamin K 25.Which of the following organic nutrients are not absorbed by capillaries in the enteric villi? Answer lipids 26. The nutrients that ass be absorbed without preliminary treat but may involve special transport mechanisms are Answer pee, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by Answer the stomach 28. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach meshs in the first place to Answer facilitate lipid digestion 29. The enteral epithelial tissue absorbs monosaccharides by Answer facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms 30.When deuce fluids are separated by a selectively pervious membrane, weewee tends to flow into the solution that has the Answer higher concentration of solutes 31. An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the Answer voice box 32. Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of practise in the absence of neural foreplay due to the presence of Answer cardiac pacemaker cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets 33. The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is Answer friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective 34.Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach? Answer A and B. a. fundus. b. body 35. The two factors that play an definitive part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small catgut are Answer stomach distension and gastrin release 36. The plicae of the enteral mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that earmark for Answer increase total surface area for submerging 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones Answer cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the Answer small intestine 39. The elemental function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to Answer all of the above. a. moisten t he chyme. b. assist in buffering acids. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and products of digestion 40. An quick increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine are a result of the Answer gastroenteric innate instinctive reflex(prenominal) 41. The primary effect of secretin is to cause a(n) Answer increase in secretion of water and buffers by the pancreas and the liver 42.The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is Answer GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum? Answer The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelial tissue for preoccupancy, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the Answer ileocecal valve 45. Which produces the least number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis?Answer large intestine 46. The average composition of the fecal fade material is Answer 75% water 5% bacteria 20% indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains 47. The hormone gastrin Answer increases the activity of parietal and chief cells 48. The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are Answer stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic frame 49. The doorway to the liver (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the Answer bile duct, liverwort portal vein, and hepatic artery 50.Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a Answer chylomicron End of chapter suspicions 1. The enzymatic break cut out of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called (d)chemical digestion. 2. The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the (a)serosa. 3. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the variety meat of the peritoneal cavity are the (d)mesenteries. 4. A branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and tributary of the bile duct form (c)a portal area. 5. stigmatize the digestive system structures in the following figure. a) oral cavity, teeth, tongue (b) liver (c) gallbladder (d) pancreas (e) large intestine (f) salivary glands (g) pharynx (h) esophagus (i) stomach (j) small intestine (k) anus 6. Label the four layers of the digestive tract in the following figure. (a) mucosa (b) submucosa (c) muscularis externa (d) serosa 7. Most of the digestive tract is lined by ___________ epithelium. e. simple columnar. 8. Regional movements that take place in the small intestine and function to travail and fragment the digestive material are called (a. )segmentation. 9.Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the foreplay of (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. Label the three segments of the small intestine in the following figure. (a) duodenum (b) jejunum (c) ileum. 11. The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are) (a. )reabsorption of water and compaction of dejection. (b. )absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action. (c. )storage of fecal material prior to defecation. (d. )a, b, and c. 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are (c)vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid. 13.The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by (a. ) brush border enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What are the half dozen steps of digestion? Digestion involves (1. ) ingestion (2. ) mechanical processing (3. ) secretion (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells) (5. ) absorption and (6. ) excretion. 15. Name and describe the layers of the digestive tract, proceeding from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. Layers of the digestive tract are (1. ) the mucosa the epithelial layer that performs chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients (2. the submucosa the connective tissue layer containing lymphatic and blood vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus (3. ) the muscularis externa the smooth muscle layer containing the myenteric nerve plexus and (4. ) the serosa the outermost layer, epithelium and connective tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or connective tissue that forms the adventitia). 16. What three basic mechanisms regulate the activities of the digestive tract? Activities of the digestive tract are regulated by neural, hormonal, and local mechanisms. 17.What are the three phases of swallowing, and how are they directled? The three phases of swallowingthe buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal phasesare controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata via the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. The motor commands originating at the swallowing center are distributed by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. Along the esophagus, primary peristaltic contractions are coordinated by afferent and efferent fibers within the glossopharyngeal and tenth cranial ne rve cranial nerves, but secondary peristaltic contractions occur in the absence of CNS instructions. 8. What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder? The pancreas provides digestive enzymes, plus henry carbonate ions that promote the pH of the chyme. The liver produces bile and is also the primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which contains additional buffers and bile table salts that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. 19. Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions?The hormones include the following enterocrinin, which stupefys the submucosal glands of the duodenum secretin, which stimulates the pancreas and liver to increase the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an increase in the release of pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum, inhibits gastric activity, and appears to have CNS effects that reduce the sensation of hunger gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and the activity of the duodenal submucosal glands vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach gastrin, which is secreted by G cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins and, in small quantities, motilin, which stimulates intestinal contractions, villikinin, which promotes the movement of villi and associated lymph flow, and somatostatin, which inhibits gastric secretion. 20.What are the three primary functions of the large intestine? The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts the intestinal contents into feces, absorbs important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material prior to defecation. 21. What two positiv e feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex? Positive feedback loops in the defecation reflex involve (1. ) stretch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum, moving feces toward the anus and (2. the sacral parasympathetic system, also activated by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via motor commands distributed by the pelvic nerves. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord. (e. )only a and b occur. 23. change magnitude parasympathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in (e. )none of these. 24. A drop in pH below 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon drill to perform a root canal (removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth)? A root canal involves drilling through the enamel and the dentin. 26. How is the epithelium of the stomach protected from digestion? The stomach is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial lining and by neural and hormonal control over the times and rates of acid secretion. 27. How does each of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control? (1. ) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion egins with the sight or thought of food. Directed by the CNS, this phase prepares the stomach to receive food. (2. ) The gastric phase begins with the reach of food in the stomach this phase is initiated by distension of the stomach, an increase in the pH of the gastric contents, and the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. (3. ) The intestinal phase begins when chyme starts to enter the small intestine. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying and ensures that the secretory, digesti ve, and shock-absorbent functions of the small intestine can proceed reasonably efficiently. 8. Nutritionists have found that after a heavy meal, the pH of blood increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach. What causes this postenteric alkaline tide? After a heavy meal, bicarbonate ions pass from the parietal cells of the stomach into the extracellular fluid, causing the pH of the extracellular fluid to rise. As the extracellular fluid exchanges ions with the blood, the blood pH also increases. 29. nigh people with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur?If a gallstone is small enough, it can pass through the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then cannot reach the small intestine. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and ultimately the exocrine pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. Harry is suffering from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his weewee is practically darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him?The darker color of his urine is probably due to increase amounts of the pigment urobilin, which gives urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestine by the action of intestinal bacteria on bile pigments. In an intestinal obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger-than-normal amount diffuses into the blood, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A condition known as lactose credulity is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea.The cause of the problem is an inability to digest the milk sugar, lactose. How would this cause the observed signs and symptoms? If an individual cannot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence o f extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less water is reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide.This gas overstretches the intestine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combination of to a greater extent-fluid contents and increased peristalsis causes diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas, which is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria, causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more people have turned to procedure to help them lose weight. One form of weight control cognitive operation involves stapling a caboodle of the stomach shut, creating a smaller volume. How would such a surgery result in weight loss?The primary effect of such surgeries would be a reduction in the volume of food (and thus in the amount of calories) consumed because the person f eels full after eating a small amount. This can result in significant weight loss. CheckPoints pageboy 882 1. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. List and define the six primary functions of the digestive system.The six primary functions of the digestive system include the following (1) ingestion = consciously eating food (2) mechanical processing = crushing and shearing foodstuffs to make them more susceptible to enzymatic attack (3) digestion = the chemical breakdown of food into smaller products for absorption (4) secretion = the release of water, acids, and other substances by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs (5) absorption = movement of digested particles across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract and (6) excretion = the removal of wild products from the body. . What is the importance of the mesenteries? The mesenteriessheets consisting of two layers of serous membrane separated by loose connective tissuesupport and stabilize the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. Name the layers of the gastrointestinal tract from superficial to dim. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from superficial to deep, are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa ( contiguous to the lumen). 5.Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another peristalsis or segmentation? The waves of contractions that constitute peristalsis are more efficient in propelling intestinal contents than segmentation, which is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis? A dru g that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, which increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract, would slow peristalsis. Page 888 7.Name the structures associated with the oral cavity. Structures associated with the oral cavity include the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. 8. Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection against friction or abrasion by foodstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be affected by damage to the parotid salivary glands? Damage to the parotid salivary glands, which secrete the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would interfere with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10.Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of relatively rigid foods? The incisors are the teeth best fit for chopping (or in the buff or shearing) pieces of relatively rigid food, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where exactly in the human body is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx. 12. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as part of the swallowing process. 13. Identify the muscles associated with the pharynx.Muscles associated with the pharynx are pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatal muscles. Page 890 14. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the esophagus. 15. Compared to other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an unusual segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length of the esophagus and (2) is surrounded by an adventitia rather than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes? When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes, swallowing (deglutition) is occurring. Page 897 17. Name the four major regions of the stomach. The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. 18. Discuss the significance of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an acidic environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach? Large (especially protein-containing) meals stimulate increased stomach acid secretion. Because the hydrogen ions of stomach acid come from blood entering the stomach, blood leaving the stomach allow have fewer hydrogen ions and thus a higher pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the alkaline tide. 20. When a person suffers from chro nic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are mosttimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. Why might this be an effective treatment?The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not present in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that issue the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby reduce the likelihood of ulcer formation. Page 910 21. Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients?The small intestine has several adaptations that increase its surface area and thus its absorptive capacity. The walls of the small intestine are thrown into folds, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms finge rlike projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by small fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the small intestine has a very rich supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which transport the nutrients that are absorbed. 23. Does a high-fat meal raise or place about the level of cholecystokinin in the blood?A high-fat meal would raise the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among other things, stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the small intestine did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?Damage to the exocrine pancreas would most impair the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary source of lipases. Even though such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are produced by other digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the small intestine (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). Page 916 26. Identify the four regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. 27.What are some major histologic differences between the large intestine and the small intestine? The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an abundance of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. Differentiate between haustral churning and mass movements. In mass movements, which occur a few times per solar day throughout the transverse colon and the distal portions of the large intestine, strong peristalt ic contractions move material along the length of the colon. In haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra.Page 921 29. What kinds of nutrients does the body require? Nutrients required by the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are formed from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach? Removal of the stomach would interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a process that requires intrinsic factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? When an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes scurrying than they can be replaced, the resulting dehydration can be fatal. Although co nstipation can be quite uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes the few toxic waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys. Page 922 33. Identify general digestive system changes that occur with aging.General age-related digestive system changes include decreased secretory mechanisms, decreased gastric and intestinal motility, decreased mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone accumulative damage becomes more apparent, cancer rates increase, and dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. Identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium absorption?The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may all be affected by inadequate absorption of calcium. Review Questions Labeling 1. Label the following histological structures of the digestive tract from the image of the small intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the terms with the appropriate regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 oblique muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 telephone exchange vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 bile duct F. 3. 4 bile canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. Matching 1. Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by matching them (1) through (6) Bile canaliculi Bile ductules R ight and left hepatic ducts Common hepatic ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct 2. Match the following cells and glands with their correct products 2. Parietal cell HCl 2. 2Chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction 3. 1 Proteins to short-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids Exopeptidase 3. 3trypsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . Lactase 4. Match the following intestinal hormones to their correct functions 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric inhibitory peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. 5. Match the organ of the digestive system with its function 5. 1Mastication of food . Teeth 5. 2Carries steadfast foods and liquids to the stomach . Esophagus . 3Bulk storage of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor . Stomach 5. 4Digestion and absorption of nutrients . Small intestine 5. 5Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter . Large intestine 5. 6 Temporary storage of fecal matter . Rectum manifold Choice 1. Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract? Answer a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Excretion d. Absorption 2. From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is Answer erosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscul aris externa are coordinated by the Answer myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called Answer peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the Answer greater omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum Answer a. connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists. 7. Incisors are used for Answer lipping or cutting. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for Answer to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the transit of a large bolus. 9. Which of the following is a function of the stomach? Answer a. Mechanical breakdown of food b. Production of intrinsic factor 10. Chief cells secrete Answer pepsinogen. 11. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called Answer rugae. 12. When you walk into a Mexican serenityaurant an d smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? Answer Cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches Answer re lymphoid nodules located in the ileum. 14. The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the Answer plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus. Answer Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility Answer along the entire length of the small intestine. 17. Sympathetic stimulation Answer inhibits submucosal glands. 18. Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce Answer a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. Pancreatic juice isAnswer alkaline. 20. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Answer Immunologic regulation 21. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the Answer a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. Bile acts as a(n) Answer emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex Answer a. involves long and short reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria? Answer a. Biotin b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by Answer iffusion. True and False 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer True As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth. Answer False Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach triggers the release of CCK. Answer False CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of juicy acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli.Answer True Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra how do the haustra expand and elongated? 5. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. Answer False The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. Fill In the Blank 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. 2.Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ Peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. 4. The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ intrinsic factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. Multiple Choice 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the Answer ubmucosa. 2. Each of the following products of digestion is taken up by capillaries in the small intestine except one. Identify the exception. Answer Chylomicrons 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the teeth? Answers Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called cementum covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? Answer Parotid glands . Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing? Answer Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition Answer the larynx elevates and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the following statements is false concerning aging and the digestive system? Answer Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the bodys inability to effectively rid itself of water. 8. Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme? Answer Pepsinogen 9. Which of the following statements is false regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?Answer Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? Answer 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex Answer parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception. Answer Amylase 13. Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called Answer micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? Answer Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum. 15. Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss? Answer Jejunum The jejunum is responsible for the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. Section 2 Concept Review Now lets see what you have learned about Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and two possible resolvents.Then I will pause while you consider the choices and select your answer. After a few seconds, I will give you the correct answer with an explanation. Question 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) mechanical or B) chemical? The answer is B) chemical. Mechanical digestion involves mixing, churning, and chewing. Question 2 What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The answer is B) segmentation. Peristalsis is the movement of food forwar d through the digestive tract. Question 3 Where does major absorption of food substances occur?Is it in A) the stomach or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Question 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The answer is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. Question 5 Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) apical or B) basal? The answer is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. Question 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The answer is B) micelles.Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. Question 7 Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The answer is A) the duodenum. As the foo d enters the small intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile also enter at the duodenum Question 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to ninety-five percent of the water entering the digestive tract is absorbed here.Thats the end of this section. Section 3 Rapid Review Now we will do a quick set of review questions on Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. After a outline pause, I will give you the correct answer. Lets start with some true or false questions. Question 1 True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder. Answer False Question 2 True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. Answer True Question 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. Answer False Okay, now lets try some multiple choice questions. Question 4Which substance is absorbed throug h the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharides or B) nucleic acids? Answer A) monosaccharides Question 5 What is the term for breaking down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? Answer B) emulsification Great Now lets try some short answer questions. Question 6 Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? Answer The pancreas Question 7 Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? Answer The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer In the mouth Thats the end of this section.