Huxley vs. Orwell

Both authors describe a society the t is futuristic, however, they both have descriptions that mirror our creative activity today. Huxley created a world where people were trained to hunch over certain things. Huxley feared that there would be no reason to ban a book because there would be no one interested in reading books. In the book Brave New World, people werent raised by their parents, in fact they didnt even have parents. Babies were made in a factory where they would take one egg and split it however many times they wanted to.They coo aged(prenominal) make up to nineteen identical twins from just one egg. The story started out with a gar pup of dents receiving a tour of the capital of the United Kingdom Hatchery and Conditioning Centre fro m a man literally named The Director. The Director started by explaining the process b y which the humans were grown inside bottles and indeed conditioned (brainwashed) to be hot certain morals(Shampoo). English Com 121 In short, what Huxley feared that the future of our government and that the government would give us so information that we would draw passive and egotistical.He feared that the truth would be drowned in a sea of e). Huxley also was concerned that we would become a trivial purification preoccupied with mom same of the fil untruths, the orgy porgy and the centrifugal bumblebees(professorship). I believe what Huxley was saying in that last statement is that he fears that our society will become irrelevant and what we love with be the end of us (Zeroed). Understand his fears and if he could see what our culture is like today I believe that he would be spinning in his grave. 984 is opposite of Brave New World further still follows the dyspepsia like theme. George Orwell wrote 1 984 after some experiences with Nazi and Stalinist stats sees. His book is somewhat government oppression and his worries of how the future would turn out. The world he created was terrifying where wars were fought consta ntly for no 10th err reason but to create shortages of people, terror, and uniformity. The main(prenominal) goal of the go Vermont was to control everyones thoughts completely.The main character of the story WA s named Winston Smith who is still able to think for himself despite the constant uphold agenda and monitoring of everything in his life. Winston Smith lives in Oceania, one of the three countries that split up the entire globe the other two were Eurasia and East IA. alone three countries were lead by Big Brother which was the government in 1984. Big BRB other is always watching and they try to control everyone?s thoughts. In short, Winston n was disgusted by the culture he lives in and decided to keep a diary.He also fell in love with a char named Julia who is also a rebel to fall in love someone was a crime(S pa remotes). Orwell feared the people that banned books considering the time period he lie Veda in. He also feared those who would deprive us of information and ke ep the truth h concealed from us(Zeroed). Orwell worried that we would become a captive culture e and controlled by having pain inflicted upon us(Professorship). Most of all, Row ell feared that our ruin would come because what of we hate that we would all die of w AR and government oppression (Professorship).There is a lot of debate in literary circles about both of these authors and who right, and more importantly who most accurately describes the current society y we live in. While both authors make very valid points as well as amazing descriptions, the ere are some clear differences. In my research I found a statement by one oftener many fan s that it sums up the similarities and differences of both authors. L believe theyre both right, but if you have to choose, then Huxley is the clear winner.If you presume that society runs in circles, slowly stereotyping, like a malfunctioning rocket doing loops as it heads higher in the sky, then Orwell m rely described a single loop of th e rocket. On the other hand, Huxley described n tot only his own loop, but what would devolve when the rocket ran out of fuel. To put it another way, I believe Orwell correctly described the acts of many government TTS at the time and Huxley correctly described coetaneous and future government s (Macho Man).

Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 practice visitation 1. Which of the future(a) digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the gullet? solution pharynx 2. The active process that come abouts when materials enter the digestive package via the mouth is perform brea frailg in 3. Sympathetic input signal of the muscularis externa promotes root muscular inhibition and relaxation 4. Which of the following statements about peritonitis is false? swear out It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. 5.Which of the following major(ip) layers of the digestive pathway is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? Answer submucosa 6. knockout contractions of the ascending and thwartwise colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon atomic number 18 called Answer mass peristalsis 7. Which of the following salivary glands rise salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme ? Answer 1. parotid glands 2. sublingual glands 8. Which of the following is not a fly the coop of saliva?Answer initial digestion of proteins 9. The three pairs of salivary glands that conceal into the oral st bingle pit include Answer parotid, sublingual, and sub partdibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and grinding of victuals atomic number 18 best established by the action of the Answer bicuspids 11. The three physiques of deglutition argon Answer buccal, guttural, and esophageal 12. On its way to the oesophagus, food normally passes by means of the Answer oropharynx and laryngopharynx 13. The pharyngeal hefts that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the Answer pharyngeal constrictor muscles 14.Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the patronize by the Answer laryngopharynx 15. The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that Answer prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the eso phagus 16. The contractions of the stomach are inhibited by Answer secretin 17. Which of the following is unblockd by the stomach? Answer gastrin 18. The division of the small(a)ish bowel that contains the Brunner glands is the Answer duodenum 19. An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is Answer disaccharidase 20. impertinence entering the gallbladder must pass through the Answer cystic duct 21. The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is Answer cholecystokinin 22. The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the Answer taenia coli 23. The vermiform appendix is dominated by what eccentric of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa? Answer lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the astronomic catgut are Answer biotin, panto becauseic acid, and vitamin K 25.Which of the following organic nutrients are not absorbed by capillaries in the enteric villi? Answer lipids 26. The nutrients that ass be absorbed without preliminary treat but may involve special transport mechanisms are Answer pee, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by Answer the stomach 28. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach meshs in the first place to Answer facilitate lipid digestion 29. The enteral epithelial tissue absorbs monosaccharides by Answer facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms 30.When deuce fluids are separated by a selectively pervious membrane, weewee tends to flow into the solution that has the Answer higher concentration of solutes 31. An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the Answer voice box 32. Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of practise in the absence of neural foreplay due to the presence of Answer cardiac pacemaker cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets 33. The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is Answer friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective 34.Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach? Answer A and B. a. fundus. b. body 35. The two factors that play an definitive part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small catgut are Answer stomach distension and gastrin release 36. The plicae of the enteral mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that earmark for Answer increase total surface area for submerging 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones Answer cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the Answer small intestine 39. The elemental function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to Answer all of the above. a. moisten t he chyme. b. assist in buffering acids. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and products of digestion 40. An quick increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine are a result of the Answer gastroenteric innate instinctive reflex(prenominal) 41. The primary effect of secretin is to cause a(n) Answer increase in secretion of water and buffers by the pancreas and the liver 42.The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is Answer GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum? Answer The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelial tissue for preoccupancy, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the Answer ileocecal valve 45. Which produces the least number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis?Answer large intestine 46. The average composition of the fecal fade material is Answer 75% water 5% bacteria 20% indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains 47. The hormone gastrin Answer increases the activity of parietal and chief cells 48. The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are Answer stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic frame 49. The doorway to the liver (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the Answer bile duct, liverwort portal vein, and hepatic artery 50.Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a Answer chylomicron End of chapter suspicions 1. The enzymatic break cut out of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called (d)chemical digestion. 2. The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the (a)serosa. 3. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the variety meat of the peritoneal cavity are the (d)mesenteries. 4. A branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and tributary of the bile duct form (c)a portal area. 5. stigmatize the digestive system structures in the following figure. a) oral cavity, teeth, tongue (b) liver (c) gallbladder (d) pancreas (e) large intestine (f) salivary glands (g) pharynx (h) esophagus (i) stomach (j) small intestine (k) anus 6. Label the four layers of the digestive tract in the following figure. (a) mucosa (b) submucosa (c) muscularis externa (d) serosa 7. Most of the digestive tract is lined by ___________ epithelium. e. simple columnar. 8. Regional movements that take place in the small intestine and function to travail and fragment the digestive material are called (a. )segmentation. 9.Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the foreplay of (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. Label the three segments of the small intestine in the following figure. (a) duodenum (b) jejunum (c) ileum. 11. The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are) (a. )reabsorption of water and compaction of dejection. (b. )absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action. (c. )storage of fecal material prior to defecation. (d. )a, b, and c. 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are (c)vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid. 13.The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by (a. ) brush border enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What are the half dozen steps of digestion? Digestion involves (1. ) ingestion (2. ) mechanical processing (3. ) secretion (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells) (5. ) absorption and (6. ) excretion. 15. Name and describe the layers of the digestive tract, proceeding from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. Layers of the digestive tract are (1. ) the mucosa the epithelial layer that performs chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients (2. the submucosa the connective tissue layer containing lymphatic and blood vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus (3. ) the muscularis externa the smooth muscle layer containing the myenteric nerve plexus and (4. ) the serosa the outermost layer, epithelium and connective tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or connective tissue that forms the adventitia). 16. What three basic mechanisms regulate the activities of the digestive tract? Activities of the digestive tract are regulated by neural, hormonal, and local mechanisms. 17.What are the three phases of swallowing, and how are they directled? The three phases of swallowingthe buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal phasesare controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata via the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. The motor commands originating at the swallowing center are distributed by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. Along the esophagus, primary peristaltic contractions are coordinated by afferent and efferent fibers within the glossopharyngeal and tenth cranial ne rve cranial nerves, but secondary peristaltic contractions occur in the absence of CNS instructions. 8. What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder? The pancreas provides digestive enzymes, plus henry carbonate ions that promote the pH of the chyme. The liver produces bile and is also the primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which contains additional buffers and bile table salts that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. 19. Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions?The hormones include the following enterocrinin, which stupefys the submucosal glands of the duodenum secretin, which stimulates the pancreas and liver to increase the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an increase in the release of pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum, inhibits gastric activity, and appears to have CNS effects that reduce the sensation of hunger gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and the activity of the duodenal submucosal glands vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach gastrin, which is secreted by G cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins and, in small quantities, motilin, which stimulates intestinal contractions, villikinin, which promotes the movement of villi and associated lymph flow, and somatostatin, which inhibits gastric secretion. 20.What are the three primary functions of the large intestine? The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts the intestinal contents into feces, absorbs important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material prior to defecation. 21. What two positiv e feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex? Positive feedback loops in the defecation reflex involve (1. ) stretch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum, moving feces toward the anus and (2. the sacral parasympathetic system, also activated by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via motor commands distributed by the pelvic nerves. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord. (e. )only a and b occur. 23. change magnitude parasympathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in (e. )none of these. 24. A drop in pH below 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon drill to perform a root canal (removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth)? A root canal involves drilling through the enamel and the dentin. 26. How is the epithelium of the stomach protected from digestion? The stomach is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial lining and by neural and hormonal control over the times and rates of acid secretion. 27. How does each of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control? (1. ) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion egins with the sight or thought of food. Directed by the CNS, this phase prepares the stomach to receive food. (2. ) The gastric phase begins with the reach of food in the stomach this phase is initiated by distension of the stomach, an increase in the pH of the gastric contents, and the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. (3. ) The intestinal phase begins when chyme starts to enter the small intestine. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying and ensures that the secretory, digesti ve, and shock-absorbent functions of the small intestine can proceed reasonably efficiently. 8. Nutritionists have found that after a heavy meal, the pH of blood increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach. What causes this postenteric alkaline tide? After a heavy meal, bicarbonate ions pass from the parietal cells of the stomach into the extracellular fluid, causing the pH of the extracellular fluid to rise. As the extracellular fluid exchanges ions with the blood, the blood pH also increases. 29. nigh people with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur?If a gallstone is small enough, it can pass through the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then cannot reach the small intestine. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and ultimately the exocrine pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. Harry is suffering from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his weewee is practically darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him?The darker color of his urine is probably due to increase amounts of the pigment urobilin, which gives urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestine by the action of intestinal bacteria on bile pigments. In an intestinal obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger-than-normal amount diffuses into the blood, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A condition known as lactose credulity is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea.The cause of the problem is an inability to digest the milk sugar, lactose. How would this cause the observed signs and symptoms? If an individual cannot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence o f extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less water is reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide.This gas overstretches the intestine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combination of to a greater extent-fluid contents and increased peristalsis causes diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas, which is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria, causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more people have turned to procedure to help them lose weight. One form of weight control cognitive operation involves stapling a caboodle of the stomach shut, creating a smaller volume. How would such a surgery result in weight loss?The primary effect of such surgeries would be a reduction in the volume of food (and thus in the amount of calories) consumed because the person f eels full after eating a small amount. This can result in significant weight loss. CheckPoints pageboy 882 1. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. List and define the six primary functions of the digestive system.The six primary functions of the digestive system include the following (1) ingestion = consciously eating food (2) mechanical processing = crushing and shearing foodstuffs to make them more susceptible to enzymatic attack (3) digestion = the chemical breakdown of food into smaller products for absorption (4) secretion = the release of water, acids, and other substances by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs (5) absorption = movement of digested particles across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract and (6) excretion = the removal of wild products from the body. . What is the importance of the mesenteries? The mesenteriessheets consisting of two layers of serous membrane separated by loose connective tissuesupport and stabilize the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. Name the layers of the gastrointestinal tract from superficial to dim. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from superficial to deep, are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa ( contiguous to the lumen). 5.Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another peristalsis or segmentation? The waves of contractions that constitute peristalsis are more efficient in propelling intestinal contents than segmentation, which is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis? A dru g that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, which increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract, would slow peristalsis. Page 888 7.Name the structures associated with the oral cavity. Structures associated with the oral cavity include the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. 8. Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection against friction or abrasion by foodstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be affected by damage to the parotid salivary glands? Damage to the parotid salivary glands, which secrete the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would interfere with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10.Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of relatively rigid foods? The incisors are the teeth best fit for chopping (or in the buff or shearing) pieces of relatively rigid food, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where exactly in the human body is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx. 12. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as part of the swallowing process. 13. Identify the muscles associated with the pharynx.Muscles associated with the pharynx are pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatal muscles. Page 890 14. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the esophagus. 15. Compared to other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an unusual segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length of the esophagus and (2) is surrounded by an adventitia rather than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes? When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes, swallowing (deglutition) is occurring. Page 897 17. Name the four major regions of the stomach. The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. 18. Discuss the significance of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an acidic environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach? Large (especially protein-containing) meals stimulate increased stomach acid secretion. Because the hydrogen ions of stomach acid come from blood entering the stomach, blood leaving the stomach allow have fewer hydrogen ions and thus a higher pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the alkaline tide. 20. When a person suffers from chro nic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are mosttimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. Why might this be an effective treatment?The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not present in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that issue the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby reduce the likelihood of ulcer formation. Page 910 21. Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients?The small intestine has several adaptations that increase its surface area and thus its absorptive capacity. The walls of the small intestine are thrown into folds, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms finge rlike projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by small fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the small intestine has a very rich supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which transport the nutrients that are absorbed. 23. Does a high-fat meal raise or place about the level of cholecystokinin in the blood?A high-fat meal would raise the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among other things, stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the small intestine did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?Damage to the exocrine pancreas would most impair the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary source of lipases. Even though such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are produced by other digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the small intestine (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). Page 916 26. Identify the four regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. 27.What are some major histologic differences between the large intestine and the small intestine? The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an abundance of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. Differentiate between haustral churning and mass movements. In mass movements, which occur a few times per solar day throughout the transverse colon and the distal portions of the large intestine, strong peristalt ic contractions move material along the length of the colon. In haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra.Page 921 29. What kinds of nutrients does the body require? Nutrients required by the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are formed from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach? Removal of the stomach would interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a process that requires intrinsic factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? When an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes scurrying than they can be replaced, the resulting dehydration can be fatal. Although co nstipation can be quite uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes the few toxic waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys. Page 922 33. Identify general digestive system changes that occur with aging.General age-related digestive system changes include decreased secretory mechanisms, decreased gastric and intestinal motility, decreased mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone accumulative damage becomes more apparent, cancer rates increase, and dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. Identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium absorption?The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may all be affected by inadequate absorption of calcium. Review Questions Labeling 1. Label the following histological structures of the digestive tract from the image of the small intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the terms with the appropriate regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 oblique muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 telephone exchange vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 bile duct F. 3. 4 bile canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. Matching 1. Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by matching them (1) through (6) Bile canaliculi Bile ductules R ight and left hepatic ducts Common hepatic ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct 2. Match the following cells and glands with their correct products 2. Parietal cell HCl 2. 2Chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction 3. 1 Proteins to short-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids Exopeptidase 3. 3trypsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . Lactase 4. Match the following intestinal hormones to their correct functions 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric inhibitory peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. 5. Match the organ of the digestive system with its function 5. 1Mastication of food . Teeth 5. 2Carries steadfast foods and liquids to the stomach . Esophagus . 3Bulk storage of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor . Stomach 5. 4Digestion and absorption of nutrients . Small intestine 5. 5Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter . Large intestine 5. 6 Temporary storage of fecal matter . Rectum manifold Choice 1. Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract? Answer a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Excretion d. Absorption 2. From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is Answer erosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscul aris externa are coordinated by the Answer myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called Answer peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the Answer greater omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum Answer a. connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists. 7. Incisors are used for Answer lipping or cutting. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for Answer to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the transit of a large bolus. 9. Which of the following is a function of the stomach? Answer a. Mechanical breakdown of food b. Production of intrinsic factor 10. Chief cells secrete Answer pepsinogen. 11. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called Answer rugae. 12. When you walk into a Mexican serenityaurant an d smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? Answer Cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches Answer re lymphoid nodules located in the ileum. 14. The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the Answer plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus. Answer Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility Answer along the entire length of the small intestine. 17. Sympathetic stimulation Answer inhibits submucosal glands. 18. Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce Answer a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. Pancreatic juice isAnswer alkaline. 20. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Answer Immunologic regulation 21. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the Answer a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. Bile acts as a(n) Answer emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex Answer a. involves long and short reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria? Answer a. Biotin b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by Answer iffusion. True and False 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer True As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth. Answer False Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach triggers the release of CCK. Answer False CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of juicy acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli.Answer True Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra how do the haustra expand and elongated? 5. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. Answer False The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. Fill In the Blank 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. 2.Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ Peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. 4. The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ intrinsic factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. Multiple Choice 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the Answer ubmucosa. 2. Each of the following products of digestion is taken up by capillaries in the small intestine except one. Identify the exception. Answer Chylomicrons 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the teeth? Answers Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called cementum covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? Answer Parotid glands . Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing? Answer Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition Answer the larynx elevates and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the following statements is false concerning aging and the digestive system? Answer Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the bodys inability to effectively rid itself of water. 8. Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme? Answer Pepsinogen 9. Which of the following statements is false regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?Answer Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? Answer 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex Answer parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception. Answer Amylase 13. Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called Answer micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? Answer Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum. 15. Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss? Answer Jejunum The jejunum is responsible for the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. Section 2 Concept Review Now lets see what you have learned about Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and two possible resolvents.Then I will pause while you consider the choices and select your answer. After a few seconds, I will give you the correct answer with an explanation. Question 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) mechanical or B) chemical? The answer is B) chemical. Mechanical digestion involves mixing, churning, and chewing. Question 2 What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The answer is B) segmentation. Peristalsis is the movement of food forwar d through the digestive tract. Question 3 Where does major absorption of food substances occur?Is it in A) the stomach or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Question 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The answer is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. Question 5 Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) apical or B) basal? The answer is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. Question 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The answer is B) micelles.Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. Question 7 Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The answer is A) the duodenum. As the foo d enters the small intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile also enter at the duodenum Question 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to ninety-five percent of the water entering the digestive tract is absorbed here.Thats the end of this section. Section 3 Rapid Review Now we will do a quick set of review questions on Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. After a outline pause, I will give you the correct answer. Lets start with some true or false questions. Question 1 True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder. Answer False Question 2 True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. Answer True Question 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. Answer False Okay, now lets try some multiple choice questions. Question 4Which substance is absorbed throug h the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharides or B) nucleic acids? Answer A) monosaccharides Question 5 What is the term for breaking down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? Answer B) emulsification Great Now lets try some short answer questions. Question 6 Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? Answer The pancreas Question 7 Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? Answer The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer In the mouth Thats the end of this section.

Trash Summary

Trash Summary Trash is an epic novel about three ordinary dumpsite boys that fashion through trash for a living. One day they find a key that leads them to a train station locker. From there they start the journey of their lives. throughout the book many characteristics are shown twain good and bad. I have chosen to talk about the themes trust and resilience. I chose these topics because I think both of these were shown many times in the book and they are to things that you need in every day life. Trust is the reliance that you have on one an another(prenominal), the tone that someone will come through for you in a time of need.This was shown many times in the book my favourite example was when Rat, (or Jun-Jun) was there for Raphael and Gardo at the beginning of the book they needed a place to hide the wallet. At any give time he could have gone straight to the natural law and turned in Raphael and Gardo.. Sister Olivers trust, pity and innocence led her to believing the three b oys lie, this ended up putting her at great risk. afterward on in the novel Gardo went back to the prison with the 20,000 pesos to give the guard for the bible.The guard tried to catch Gardo but he escaped just in time. I think this was a case where they were forced to trust the guard whether they wanted to or not, they had no option to get the bible or not. resilience is the ability to bounce back and put up with severe amount of stress. Thats exactly what these boys put up with for the whole book, between being give chase by corrupt police and breaking into a grave these boys had amazing mental strength. The best example of this is when Raphael got taken to the police station he was tortured, trounce and almost killed.It took lots of resilience is just there will to see there adventure all the way through to the end. At any granted time they could have quite gone to the police turned the other two in and made 20,000 peso. We will fish for ever and live quick lives. That is o ur plan and nothing will shutdown us. This quote said by Jun-Jun shows that the three boys trust each other to the end of the world. They would die for each other happily. They have been through so much mentally and physically that they could put up with anything. I honestly do think nothing will stop them.

Comparison of Ifrs and Us Gaap Essay

Presents the key similarities and differences between IFRS and US generally accepted accounting principles, focusing on the differences normally found in practice. It takes into account all standards published up to August 2007. IFRS Pocket Guide 2006 Provides a summary of the IFRS recognition and measurement requirements. Including currencies, assets, liabilities, equity, in amount, expenses, business combinations and interim financial statements. Understanding financial instruments A guide to IAS 32, IAS 39 and IFRS 7 Comprehensive guidance on all aspects of the requirements for financial instruments accounting.Detailed explanations illustrated through worked examples and extracts from attach to reports. circumscribe Page Preface How to use this publication Summary of similarities and differences Accounting framework Financial statements Consolidated financial statements Business combinations Revenue recognition put down recognition Assets Liabilities Equity Derivatives and hed ging Other accounting and reporting topics Foreign currency translation Earnings per share Related-party disclosures Segment reporting Discontinued trading operations Post-balance-sheet events Interim financial reporting 3 4 12 13 20 25 30 34 39 50 58 59 62 62 63 64 65 67 67 68 69 Index Similarities and Differences A comparison of IFRS and US GAAP October 2007 Contents 1 Preface Preface One day we may not need to produce this publication because the worlds capital markets will be using one accounting framework, and there will be no need for a comparison between two sets of standards. However, there is much to do before this can become reality. The International Accounting Standards Board and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board have been committed to converging IFRS and US GAAP since the Norwalk Accord of 2002.Many commentators have called for convergence to simplify financial reporting and reduce the compliance burden for listed companies, especially those with stock mar ket listings in more(prenominal) than one jurisdiction and those who participate in cross-border, capitalmarket transactions. A major step in the movement to one set of global accounting standards is the Securities and Exchange focal points 2007 proposal to drop the requirement for a US GAAP reconciliation by foreign private issuers that prepare their primary financial statements down the stairs full IFRS.Another significant step is the 2007 SEC Concepts Release on allowing domestic US registrants to use IFRS as an alternative to US GAAP. These potential changes, if they come to fruition, will significantly alter the international landscape of accounting. US capital-market participants have already started to show a much greater interest in IFRS, realising that it may replace US GAAP as the accounting language underlying future financial reporting and capital-market activity. This will not happen immediately.

Peak Oil and Energy Security Essay

null certificate means having access to the requisite volumes of power at low-priced prices in association with national aegis and the availability of natural re root systems for get-up-and-go consumption. From the perspective of a g every overnment concerned and the management of strategic interests, power bail implies push policies and standby measures that can be implemented in the event of a supplying disruptionand at a cost that its citizens consider commonsense. Such measures include aught supply diversification and a certain volume of talent stock. Definitions of Energy SecurityThe International Energy Agency (IEA) descriptions of brawniness guarantor make focused on the adequate supply of sinew at a reasonable cost, and puzzle referred to muscle certificate system to be just another way of avoiding mart distortions (IEA, 1995). The underlying belief of these definitions is that smoothly functioning international thrust markets lead deliver a secure adequate, affordable and reliable supply of readiness (IEA, 2002). IEA has claimed that vigor security always consists of both a physical inaccessibility component and a price component, although their relative importance depends on the market structure (IEA, 2007). The European commissionings Green Paper (EC 2000) states that nil security also entails respecting environmental concerns and working towards sustainable development. They clarify that the security of supply does not seek to maximize strength self-sufficiency or to minimize dependence, except aims to reduce the risks linked to such dependence.Energy plays an important role in the national security of all given country as a fuel to power the sparing engine. Access to cheap naught has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. The modern terra firma relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others for example, the Department of Defense relies on petroleum for approximately 77% of its energy requires. The ontogeny uncertainties almost stability and security that exist in the global energy market have fuelled the need for nations to have a comprehensive energy security strategy. Energy security is also essential for the economic growth and development ofcountries as energy in-security can hamper the productive activities in the economy as well as undermine consumer welfare.Rapid urbanization and rising middle-class incomes around the world have led to explosive growth in electrical energy submit. Thus, to the growing urban communities, energy security only means keeping the lights on. Chester (2010) lists five fundamental aspects that characterize energy security. Firstly, energy security is about the management of risk the risk of uninterrupted, unavailable energy supplies the risk of insufficient efficiency to meet demand the risk of unaffordable energy prices the risk of reliance on unsustainable sources of energy. These risks may be caused cod to energy market instabilities, technical failures or physical security threats. Secondly, the definition of energy security may be shut in to reflect a countrys energy mix, the abundance of local resources and import dependence.Thirdly, the term energy security reflects a concept of strategic intent, implying that energy security is not a policy in itself, but that specific policies have to be adopted by governances to achieve the objectives of energy security. Fourthly, energy security has temporal dimensions the risks and threats to physical supply differ across short, medium and long-term horizons. Short-term risks include terrorism attacks and technical failures. Long-term risks, on the other hand, concern the adequateness of supply to meet demand and adequacy of infrastructure to deliver supply to markets. Fifthly, the term energy security has to be applied kee ping in mind the significant differences between the crude, gas, nuclear and other energy markets and infrastructure.As energy is essential for the economic growth and development of a country, it has come to be recognized as a strategic commodity. This is because any uncertainty in its supply can threaten the effective functioning of an economy (Sahir and Qureshi, 2007). It then becomes an imperative for a country to ensure secure energy supplies at affordable rates. This crudely defines the stem of energy security. Threats to energy security include 1. The political instability (tensions in Northern Iraq, gray Sudan, the Niger Delta and the East Mediterranean as examples of how disputation for energy resources can cause instability) of several(prenominal) energy producing countries. Energy should be a motor for development and cooperation, not a source of conflict, said Mr. Terje Roed-Larsen.2. The manipulation of energy supplies,3. The competition over energy sources,4. Att acks on supply infrastructure and,5. Dominant countries reliance to the foreign anoint supply.6. Increased world competition for energy resources due to the increased pace of industrialization.renewable energyrenewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in blood to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. The deployment of renewable technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity sources and, through local generation, contributes to the flexibility of the system and its rampart to central shocks.For those countries where growing dependence on imported gas is a significant energy security issue, renewable technologies can provide alternative sources of electric power as well as displaci ng electricity demand through direct heat production. Renewable bio-fuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products. Long term measures to increase energy security center on simplification dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native fogy fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy conservation measures.Facts and Figures1. Oil expert Mike Ruppert has claimed that for every calorie of food produced in the industrial world, ten calories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. 2. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC combine was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. 3. Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear power, high-speed mass tra nsit systems, and implemented energyconservation measures. It has become one of the world leaders in the use of renewable energy. 4. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its dependency on OPEC, while Iceland is well ripe(p) in its plans to become energy-independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy. 5. Amount of sun that hits the world in an hour is enough to power the world for one year. With the addition of solar panels all around the world a little less pressure is taken off the need to produce more oil.6. geothermic can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if heat would be taken from the inner core of the body politic to heat up water sources, we could essentially use the steam creating from the heated water to power machines, this excerpt is one of the cleanest and efficient options. 7. Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world produces a lot of energy, as the dams take in the water that is allowed through seams which power turbines located inside of the dam. 8. Bio-fuels have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum. Most LCA results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that bio-fuels can supplement anthropogenetic energy demands and mitigate Green House Gas emissions to the atmosphere. 9. Juliet Alohan writes on the crucial need for its prioritization in Nigeria.It is estimated that by the year 2022, about cardinal million unemployed Nigerians would be gainfully employed if renewable energy is introduced to complement regular electricity supply. 10. Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE special envoy for energy and climate change, and chief operating officer of Masdar, said With energy demand predicted to grow nearly 50% over the next 20 years, competition for resources will increase. Energy is thitherfore becoming a key piece of the global security puzzle. any(prenominal) significant move to solve the energy crisis is also a step toward creating peace and stability among the nations of the world. 11. The Renewable Energy Global Status report showed that by the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 Giga Watt (GW), up to 8 per cent over what it was in 2010. The report added that renewable energy supply constituted more than 25 per cent of total global power-generating capacity, which is estimated at 5,360GW in 2011. end Study Energy Security Context in IndiaSudarshan and Noronha (2009) lay out five important factors that have contributed to increasing energy demand in India. First, the real income of India has grown at a rate of 6-7% per annum over the past two decades, and the Planning Commission of India has a future targeted growth rate of 8-10% per annum for the next decade. TERI (2006) estimates that India will require 2023 MTOE (Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent) of energy by the year 2031 t o feed such economic growth rates. Second, a structural shift has been taking place in India, which has accelerated since the 1991 economic reforms. This shift is from agriculture towards the work sector, which is relatively energy intensive. Next, an annual population increase of about 1.9% p.a. has been observed over the past two decades. Importantly, the urban population in India was 25.5% in 1990 and is expect to rise to 40% by 2030. Given per capita energy demand in rural areas is low, this will further feed into Indias gross energy demand. Fourth, there is a growing transport sector. Fifth, an energy transformation is taking place, with a shift from biomass to electricity in rural India. Further, as of 2005, only 55% of rural Indian households had electricity access.Electricity demand is expected to rise, even as the government has significant plans to meet the demand (Planning Commission, 2008). Increasing import dependence of India on fossil fuel-rich countries has hence fo rced the government to rethink the way India engages with these countries. Given the factors influencing the demand and consumption of energy in India, the Planning Commission of India defined energy security by modifying the definition of energy security given by The World Energy Assessment (UNDP 1999) to suit the Indian context better. This definition is original by the Indian government, and it is as follows We are energy secure when we can supply lifeline energy to all our citizens irrespective of their ability to give birth for it as well as meet their effective demand for safe and convenient energy to satisfy their various needs at competitive prices at all times and with a prescribed confidence level considering shocks and disruptions that can be reasonably expected (Planning Commission, 2006) This definition includes the key aspects of energy security, including those related to poverty and economic growth.The idea that the provision of energy ought to be irrespective of t heir ability to pay is a slight departure from the definitions of energy securityaccepted by several nations, which tend to be market oriented. By factoring in poverty and the inability of Indias citizens to pay for energy, it only stops short of according energy the status of a right. The income distribution rake is hence incorporated in the definition. Additionally, this definition accounts for Indias import dependency of energy and the possibility of disruptions in the supply. There is also a veiled reference to what would be considered an appropriate level of risk, although this has not been quantified due to the uncertainties involved. In the context of Indias energy security needs, Verma (2007) lays out a two principles to maintain energy security.He states that firstly, India must diversify the supply of energy, both by location and source. Secondly, he states that the resilience of energy systems must be maintained, which is a reference to security margins that act as buffe rs against shocks and provide facilities for recovery afterwards disruptions. Resilience can come through spare capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along supply change and the stocking of critical components of electricity generation. Any policy measures taken by the government need to thus needs to incorporate these conceptual frameworks. Understanding these concepts is necessary in order to survey rational policy making in the energy domain. Of course, policy implementation would ultimately revolve around day-to-day governance issues, and fiscal, administrative and political bottlenecks.

Corona’s Bank Essay

Another bank account shows glorys cardinalsChief Justice Renato Corona owns another peso account containing millions, a bank formal testified on Thursdays hearing. As of 2010, Coronas Bank of the Philippine Islands account has P12 million, tell Leonora Dizon, branch theatre director of BPI Ayala Avenue Branch. Senate earlier ordered Dizon to testify and bring Coronas bank records from 2005 to 2010 to be presented as evidence for the impeachments Article II, which deals with the truthfulness of statements of assets, liabilities and net worth.The bank manager said Coronas BPI account is still active.Balances at yearend were P149,000 in 2005 P153,000 in 2006 P5 million in 2007 P1.5 million in 2008 P678,000 in 2009 and then P12 million in 2010. This is apart from Coronas two other accounts in Philippine Savings Bank with a combined ending vestibular sense of almost P20 million, as revealed in the impeachment court on Wednesday. In his 2010 SALN, Coronas declared silver asset was o nly P3.5 million. Lead defense counsel Serafin Cuevas asked the Senate to subpoena Coronas bank records from BPI. He wanted to show that Coronas P12 million was not due to a single gravel but accumulated over several transactions.But Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, presiding officer of the impeachment court, told both parties to plain go to the bank to examine Coronas records in order to speed things up.AirAsia Philippines Leasing 16 AircraftMANILA, Philippines saucily licensed AirAsia Inc. (Philippines) will lease 14-16 Airbus 320 planes to service domestic and international routes within 1.5 to 4 hours flight from its Clark, Pampanga hub in the next half decade.The airline on Wednesday received its commercial air carrier certificate (AOC) from the civilian Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) in the latters Manila office.In March, last year, AirAsia Inc. registered with the Securities and Exchange focal point (SEC) to engage primarily in the business of air transp ortation in the Philippines and abroad for passenger and cargo.AirAsia Inc. is a 60-40 joint venture between Filipino investors Antonio O. Cojuangco, Michael L. Romero and Marianne B. Hontiveros with Malaysias AirAsia International Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of AirAsia Berhad.The latter win the best low cost airline award for three consecutive years from Skytrax, the worlds largest airline and airport review site.In the coming weeks, we will begin our domestic and international operations using two brand new Airbus A-320s flown in from the Airbus factory in Toulouse, France, AirAsia Inc. CEO Marianne Hontiveros announced.The airline has amply complied with the new rigid process and requirements for the AOC meant to ensure safety conscientiousness in Philippine Aviation.We are connected to make air travel more fun, affordable and accessible to all Filipinos, she added.The airline also aims to rectify tourism and boost passenger traffic at its hub in the Diosdado Macapagal In ternational Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Angeles, Pampanga.

Microeconomics Project Essay

An overviewFacebook was realized on February 4, 2004 by an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur- Mark Elliot Zuckerberg. Facebook has utter it lead be valued at up to $96bn (59bn) when it sells conducts to investors this month in a record-breaking flotation. The first investment from Peter Thiel was $500,000 into Facebook. Facebook has minted four jillionaires Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin and Sean Parker. The 27-year-old Zuckerbergs net worth was estimated at $17.5bn on the 2011 Forbes list of the wealthiest Americans. Moskovitz had a net worth of $3.5bn but pipped Zuckerberg for the denomination of worlds youngest billionaire, being eight daylights younger. The Brazilian-born Saverin, who left Facebook early on after a falling-out with Zuckerberg, had a net worth of $2bn.Parker, the Napster co-founder who briefly served as Facebooks president, had a net worth of $2.1bn On November 15, 2010, Facebook announced it had acquired the domain n ame fb.com from the American advance Bureau Federation for an undisclosed amount. On January 11, 2011, the Farm Bureau disclosed $8.5 meg in domain sales income, making the acquisition of FB.com one of the disco biscuit highest domain sales in history Nowadays, 1 in every 13 people on earth uses Facebook, more(prenominal) than than 900m active users, with over 250 meg of them who log in every day. The average user has about 130 friends, but that has expanded in. The core 18-24 year old segment is now growing the fastest at 74% year on year. Almost 72% of all US earnings users ar on now Facebook, while 70% of the entire user base is located outside of the US.(Source Facebook)At the beginning, Facebook has 1 million users. In 2008, it increased to 100 million. In 2010 the flake of users reached 400 million and up to 500 million within 5 months.Google- a web explore locomotive, it is the compeverys most popular renovation. It began in January 1996 as a re search project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were twain PhD students at Stanford University in California. Technology is enhancing us as human beings and the integrating of artificial intelligence is lento being weaved and embedded into our activities and habits almost without us noticing.This reliance that is permeating our day to day existence crimson extends to a reported 60% plus of all buying decisions now starting with a Google search as we start our research online rather than walk the shop aisles and asking sales attendants questions. The first backup of $100,000 for Google was provided by Andy Bechtolsheim the co-founder of Sun Microsystems. Googles initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later(prenominal) on tremendous 19, 2004. The stocks performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting $700 for the first while on October 31, 2007. primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advert grocery store. In 2004 Gmail launched, Google IPO 8 billion pages indexed. They acquired YouTube in 2006 for $1.65 billion. Android was announced in 2007 and Google Chrome was launched in 2008.The 3 charts show the Revenue, Income and number of Employee in two companies.RIVAL PRODUCTIONThe big question is given, why a search engine like Google to be afraid of Facebook, a cordial network when the field of activities of these two different companies as distant as they seem completely can live peacefully. Google is famous for its searching services, the key draw a bead on lead to the huge mastery of Google. It links to billions of weave pages, so users can easily obtain the selective information they indispensability through the keywords and the operators. Google besides uses its search technology for many other search services, including Image pursuit (photos), Google News, interactive community Google Groups, Google Maps. They also launched manakin kinds of services such as Gmail, Google Earth, Google Docs, Picasa, Googl e Desktop, Google talk, Google Chrome, Google Translate and Android. Facebook is a affable networking web turn up for free access with more than 600 million members worldwide with hundreds of millions of activities that occur every day.The amount of data produced in a day of Facebook occupies a huge part of Internet data. Users can communicate with others, make friends, disperse messages and update their personal profile. Facebook has several features that users can interact such as Wall, Pokes, Photos, Status, Tag (feature of imaging applications), Facebook Notes, Facebook Username, Facebook Messages, interpreter Calls, Video Calling, Facebook Subscribe. Looking closely, using the Internet for loving purpose has been increasing over the years. More and more people spend longer hours of sociableizing than browsing so the use of the internet had tilted more on the amicable side. Facebook has a strong impact to our society. The social circle ordain suggest what to read, what to underwrite out, where to go to and what to see. These matters may seem not important, but for the backing this is such a big deal. As a result, a vast number of companies had recently shifted their focus on socializing, this led to the ambition Google versus Facebook.Google is stepping into the Facebook market. Google also has promoted the search function in social network (Social Search) combined between Facebook and search engine Bing with obligate in 19 languages. Google Social Search helps users to find the appropriate national from the online link on their social network such as websites, blogs, articles and other content created or shared by their friends. Moreover, through many failures of Orkut (social networking and discussion), Google Buzz and Google Wave, in 2010 Google also revealed their plan about current social networking called Google Me to deal Facebook. Google Me combines best features of these social networks having failed before such as allow users check h ow many visitors clicked, watched, or your missed updates, provide variety kinds of games and application, control the amount of friends who arouse connected with your friends, stop spreading wide for what was posted.Example, twain Orkut and Facebook allow users to withdraw the share, but this feature of Orkut is much better. This means that if you share a picture for yourself, then you want to scratch them, you are allowed to erase that image on your home page, and on top of all other friends.Facebook does not do this,so Google Me is pass judgment as a more attractive version of social networking. In 2011, Google has officially announced the Google+project, a social networking service has the functionality looks very similar to Facebook such as update status, share links and upload photos. Google+allow users to communicate separately for each group. Instead of posting a content update for everyone, Google+ allows users to display that content to the particular group (called a circle), such as classmates, colleagues, family members.Recently, Facebook is actively up(a) its own search engine. Old founder of the Google Wave, Lars Rasmussen, has joined Facebook, is developing a version of the search engines social networking to develop a new version called search engines social networking. This system will be expected to compete with the search engine of Giant Google in the future. The main purpose of the project is to develop a better search engine that can help brows through the huge amount of content created by users on social networks, as the status updates, articles, video clips and other information. Facebook expects a new electronic mail service will help them overtake Google and dominate the social networking world. In 2010, Facebook unveiled the project Titan to compete with Gmail from text messages (SMS), instant messaging (IM), email to Facebook messages.The system will combine messaging via mobile phones, email and chat messages to send to the recipients and they can reply to messages in any way. Facebook uses this project likea special strategy for contestation generally on the Internet and particularly on social network. This sentence, there is notjust the war on email. Facebook seems want to dominate in every field. Facebook is a best place to share photos, surpassing all other services from Flickr, Picasa to Twitter even though its image quality is not high. Facebook members posted 250 million photos per day and this is the function most users use in the social network. Therefore, the Facebook pay billions for the application only works on iPhone and Android also is understandable. Moreover, they also developed a tool Facebook camera similar to Instagram.BUSINESS caseTo understand why Google and Facebook abominate each other, it is necessary to study their business model. Facebook is now one of the largest social networks while Google is believed as the most powerful searching engine. Each tech titans have been rea ping significant success in their domain. However, they both seem have the same main source of revenue is advertising. Facebook has 901 million periodic active users (MAUs) as of March 31, 2012, an increase of 33% as compared to 680 million MAUs as of March 31, 2011. And 488 million MAUs used Facebook mobile products in March 2012-Facebook Amended S1. With great numbers of users, people are deep impressed by Facebooks growth. Nevertheless(prenominal), Google has crossed the 1 billion user mark, while Facebook is not far behind at 900 million however, users spend a far greater amount of time on Facebook per day, approximately 7 times higher. Top 10 Web instigant for August 2011 (U.S., Total)Rank Brand Total Internet Audience(thousand) Time per Person (hhmmss) 1 Google 176,235 147422 Facebook 163,163 74549*3 yokel 149,072 212084 MSN/WindowsLive/Bing 134,410 14345Read as During August 2011, 176.2 million unique U.S. people visited Googles websites(Source Nielsen) In the limit o f valuation, after the most crucial event of Facebooks timeline- IPO, going public, Facebook is known being in the arrange of Googles 2003. The table below indicates the comparison between Google (GOOG) and Facebook (FB) in different categories such as revenue, revenue growth, operating income and gross margin as they are in the public day. That means for Google, its first shadower is when they were in Q3, while Facebooks would be Q1 2010As the table shows, the growth of both companies over the time is almost equivalent as Google 19% and Facebook 16%. If taking into the specific, Google growth rate is arguably more stable than its counterpart social network. The primary reason causing such deviation is that Google was well-established. The following chart will present that point more clearlySource GOOG data YCHARTSIn comparison, Facebook had a outstanding variable number and especially it was negative in the last quarter, Q9 with -6%.Probably, the company has not decided which i ts business model is yet (Husky Financial, Facebook vs Google what you need to know post-IPO). Besides, the other factor affects a volatile Facebooks training is the dependence in Zynga. There is 15% of Facebook revenue from Zynga (Forbes, By the numbers Facebook investor checklist). According to the S1, If Zynga does not halt its level of engagement with our users or if we are unable to successfully maintain our relationship with Zynga, our financial results could be harmed. The crucial income of two companies is generated from advertising. Google have recently proved their Google Adwords comes off well.Thousands of business could buy ads on Google and leads or sales with a proven positive ROI, return on investment. Advertising on Facebook shows much less convincing at this position. The stop in using Facebooks ads is the forceful object lesson. General Motors Co said on Tuesday (June 22) it will stop advertising on Facebook, even as the social networking website prepares to go public, with a source familiar with the matter saying the automaker had decided Facebooks ads had little impact on consumers (Reuters). When going to public in 2004, raising just under $2 billion with an initial market cap of le than $25 billion, less than a decade, Google is worth close to 10 times. The IPO gave needed capital to expand their business. This scenario maybe not actually happen to Facebook, according to the previously mention.CONCLUSIONA famous Chinese quote One mountain cannot have two tigers. Thus, a social media site or a search engine site will gain a victory? It has not exactly answered yet. However, according to several surveys and analysis in previous parts, Google has more strengthened than Facebook for some reasons 1. We have many reasons to access Google but only a few reasons to login in Facebook. Most of us go Facebook for chatting , sharing your thoughts , seeing new update , seeing who liked our status, and sharing from our friend or using some applicat ions and playing games .We are busy at looking the updates rather than ads on Facebook. Nobody logins in Facebook to check or to search when they can buy a cheap T shirt or which books are famous, so on. On the other hand, Google is more useful than Facebook. We can search to know any information that we need such as which college is the best or which food is good for health. When we all assailable up Google for the above mentioned purposes we click on various ads and indirectly generate revenue for Google. The more we search information the more revenue we will generate for Google. 2. People use Facebook less than they used to beA recent survey showed that 34% of users spend less time for Facebook over half a year ago. They assumed that Facebook is boring, not useful, not related and not safe to keep personal information. 20% users spend more time for Facebook, 1/3 users now do not login in Facebook, and close to 50% of users login in Facebook that stay the same. In addition, a s urvey from 31/5 to 4/6 /2012 with 1.036 people in America by Reuters and market research company Ipsos presented that most of 80% users neer buy product or service on Facebook. As a result, many advertising companies are disappointed and do not want to advertise on facebook anymore. For example Early 2011, Facebook earned $3.7 billion through advertising. In 2012, this revenue is slowing. In fact, General Motors has recently regained about 10 million investments for advertising on Facebook because it was not effective. 3. Facebook will be forgottenEric Jackson, founder of Ironfire Capital, said that in 5 to 8 years, Facebook would disappear the same way Yahoo now. Although Yahoo is still making money, still profitable, still has 13 thousand employees, but Yahoo is just 10% in value compared with their peak in 2000. Basically, Yahoo has been considered as disappeared. Whether Google or Facebook win, users also have eudaimonia.Both companies are fighting to capture the heart of us ers worldwide. The competition gets its benefit because it can prevent monopoly situation. As long as the two companies keep on fighting, users will continue to gain benefits because the two companies will continue to improve, change, and figure out new features to attract users. For example Currently, Google has extra the Google Plus to attract users and many other existent features such as YouTube, Feedburner, Chat, Analytics, and Docs. Facebook has the latest new Facebook Timeline feature. The competition between Google and Facebook is just at the beginning stage. We will be seeing more actions and tricks from both sides in future. As the main goal is to gather as many users as possible, both parties will take any necessary steps to capture users attention. In the future, users can get more benefit such as gifts, discounts, coupons, competition prize, lucky draws and many other events by just participating.Works CitedAugust 2011 Top US Web Brands. August 2011, Top US Web Brands. N.p., n.d.Web. 20 June 2012. . Facebook. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 19 June 2012. Web. 20 June 2012. . Google Se Tao Ra Mang Xa Hoi Tot Hon Facebook. Http//www.pcworld.com.vn/articles/tin-tuc/tin-quoc-te/2010/08/1220500/google-se-tao-ra-mang-xa-hoi-tot-hon-facebook/. 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